The Use of a Neural Network in Nondestructive Testing
by Donald G. Pratt, Mary Sansalone and Jeannette Lawrence
April 25, 1990

Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are techniques used to obtain
information about the properties or the internal condition of an object
without damaging the object. Thus NDT methods are extremely valuable in
assessing the condition of structures, such as bridges, buildings, and
highways. Because of the current emphasis on rehabilitation and
renovation of structures, there is a critical need for the development
of NDT methods that can be used to evaluate the condition of structures
so that effective repair procedures can be undertaken.

Typically, NDT methods are used to obtain information about a structure
in an indirect way. For example, by measuring the speed of stress
(sound) waves as they travel through an object and studying how the
waves are reflected within the object, one can determine whether or not
flaws exist within the object.

Of particular interest to structural engineers is the development of
NDT techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete structures.
Currently, the practical techniques that can detect cracks in concrete
use acoustic impact, infrared thermography, and ground penetrating
radar. However, none of these methods possesses all the desired
qualities of a crack detection system [1,2], which are reliability under
various site conditions, capability for rapid testing of large areas,
and ease of use.

Recently, a new nondestructive testing technique has been developed for
finding cracks in concrete structures. This method was developed at the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly National
Bureau of Standards) by Carino and Sansalone and is called Impact-Echo
[3]. Ongoing research programs at both NIST and Cornell University are
aimed at developing the theoretical basis and practical applications for
this new technique. One project carried out at Cornell University has
developed an automated impact-echo test system in the lab which will be
adapted for field use. Key aspects of this project are the development
of hardware and software for a field system. The goal is to develop a
field test system that is reliable, rapid, and relatively simple to use.

OVERVIEW

This article presents a new method for automating and simplifying
impact-echo signal analysis and data presentation with an artificial
intelligence technique that uses a brain-like neural network. We begin
with a brief introduction to the impact-echo method. Next, the
application of the neural network to the analysis of impact-echo data
obtained from concrete plates containing voids is discussed. Two neural
network design approaches are reviewed and a discussion of neural
network effectiveness is included in the final section.

THE IMPACT-ECHO METHOD

In impact-echo testing, a stress pulse is introduced into the concrete
by mechanical impact. Hardened steel spheres are used to strike the
surface, which produces an impact duration of 20 to 80 microseconds,
depending on the diameter of the sphere. Such an impact generates a
pulse made up of lower frequency waves (generally less than about 50
kHz) that can penetrate into a heterogeneous material such as concrete.
The pulse propagates into the concrete and is reflected by cracks and
voids and the boundaries of the structure. A transducer that measures
displacements at the surface caused by the reflected waves is placed
next to the impact point.

The recorded surface displacement waveforms can be analyzed to find the
depth to a reflecting surface, such as the bottom surface of the plate
or an internal crack. For example, in a solid plate the pulse generated
by the impact is multiply reflected between the top and bottom surfaces
of the plate setting up a transient resonance condition. Each time the
pulse arrives at the top surface it produces a characteristic downward
displacement. Thus the waveform is periodic. The round-trip travel
path for the pulse is approximately equal to twice the thickness of the
plate (2T), and the period is equal to the travel path divided by the
wavespeed (C). Since frequency is the inverse of the period, the
dominant frequency, f, in the displacement waveform is:

f = C / 2T (1)

The frequency content of a digitally recorded waveform is obtained using
the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique [3,4]. In the amplitude
spectrum obtained from the FFT of the waveform] there is a single large
amplitude peak at the frequency corresponding to multiple reflections of
the pulse between the top and bottom plate surfaces. The frequency
value of this peak, which is called the thickness frequency, and the
wavespeed in the plate can be used to calculate the thickness of the
plate (or the depth of an internal crack if reflections occur from such
an internal defect) using Equation (1) rewritten in the following form:

T = C / 2f (2)

For a wavespeed of 3450 m/s and a peak frequency value of 3.42 kHz, the
calculated thickness of the plate is 0.5 m, which agrees with the actual
plate thickness is 0.5 m.1

For a given concrete specimen, wavespeed is essentially constant and so
Equation (2) relates the frequency of a point on the amplitude spectrum
to the depth of a reflecting surface within the specimen. This
relationship can be used to convert the horizontal axis of the amplitude
spectrum from frequency to depth. In addition, the spectra can be made
non-dimensional for a structure of constant thickness if the horizontal
axis is expressed as a percentage of the thickness. The resulting graph
is called the reflection spectrum. In one example a frequency peak at
3.42 kHz appears as a peak at a depth of 100%, indicating reflection
from the bottom of the plate.

In another example, a reflection spectrum obtained from an impact-echo
test on a 0.4 m thick plate containing a 0.4 m diameter void located 0.3
m below the top surface of the plate. Reflection from the void produces
a dominant peak at about 75% of the plate thickness.

In the impact-echo method, tests are carried out at selected points on
the structure, the location of which depends on the geometry of the
structure and the type and size of flaw one is trying to locate. In a
typical filed application, tests would be carried out at many individual
points. Automating the interpretation of reflection spectra is
necessary for a rapid and easy to use field test system. We used an
artificial neural network as a way of training the computer to recognize
the key features of reflection spectra.

INTERPRETING IMPACT-ECHO DATA

A commercial neural network simulation package called BrainMaker,
produced by California Scientific Software, was chosen to interpret the
results of impact-echo tests. This product allows the user to adjust
the various network parameters, such as the number of neurons in each
layer, the format of the inputs and outputs, the neuron transfer
function, etc. The software has a proprietary back propagation
algorithm that uses integer math and runs at 500,000 connections per
second. Creating and training a network is done in a graphical
interface, with pull-down menus and dialog boxes for use with the keypad
or a mouse. The program is very easy to use and comes with extensive
documentation that provides an excellent introduction to neural
networks, both in theory and application.

Reflection spectra are the inputs to the neural network. In the first
design approach, two outputs were used which represented 1) the
probability of a flaw and 2) the depth of the flaw. This design proved
too difficult; an analysis is presented in the next section. The final
network design used 11 output neurons: one is the probability that a
flaw exists and ten others are for the approximate depth of the flaw.
The ten depth outputs give the flaw depth within each 10% increment of
the structure’s thickness.

The absence of a flaw shows up on a reflection spectrum as a single peak
at 100% of the structure thickness, and so a flaw probability of 0% is
associated with a flaw depth of 100%. A reflection spectrum and the
corresponding network output for a solid 0.4 m thick slab shows a low
flaw probability and a high probability at 100% of the slab’s thickness.
A reflection spectrum and neural network output obtained from a test on
a 0.4 m thick slab containing a 0.2 m void at a depth of 0.2 m shows a
high flaw probability coupled with a high probability at 50%, indicating
a flaw between 40% and 50% of the thickness of the slab. Thus the
network is capable of detecting the presence of a flaw and resolving the
flaw depth to within 10% of the thickness of the structure.

In order for the network to learn to interpret reflection spectra
correctly, the training set must include a wide range of flaw
conditions. Each member of the training set includes the reflection
spectrum obtained at a particular test point and the target output for
this point. The target output is the flaw probability and the depth of
the flaw, both of which must be accurately known. Some of this data is
acquired from impact-echo tests on laboratory specimens containing
simulated voids. However, it is impractical to construct laboratory
specimens for every case one would like to use in training a network.
So, the results obtained from numerical simulations of impact-echo tests
on structures containing voids [5] are also used. Numerical simulations
provide a fast and inexpensive way to generate a variety of data for the
training set, compared with using laboratory specimens. The network
used in the examples described above was trained with data from
laboratory specimens and numerical simulations.

The system used to do impact-echo testing in the laboratory includes
data acquisition hardware with 12-bit resolution installed in a portable
80386-based computer operating at 25Mhz. The displacement transducer
uses a small conical piezoelectric element attached to a large brass
backing. This transducer has a broadband output that provides a very
faithful response to displacement. The sensitivity is on the order of 2
X 10^8 volts per meter. Stress pulses are introduced into the structure
using mechanical impact, either by dropping hardened steel spheres or
using a spring-loaded impactor.

The sampling and triggering parameters for the data acquisition card are
under software control, and are set so that the data is taken
automatically when an impact is produced. All the signal analysis is
done in software, including the FFT amplitude spectrum computation and
the neural network simulation. These two algorithms account for the
majority of the processing time. A supervisory program is being
developed with the capacity to gather test data for training new
networks, run tests using previously trained networks, and display the
reflection spectrum and network output. At the present stage of
development, a single test takes about two seconds from the time the
impact is produced to the point at which the output is displayed on the
screen.

THE NEURAL NETWORK DESIGN

This application was designed using the BrainMaker simulator from
California Scientific Software. The training algorithm is the
back propagation algorithm and the sigmoid transfer function is
selected. The learning rate, which controls the amount adjustment to
the weights, is set to a nominal value of 1 (0 prevents training; 4 is
the absolute maximum). The training tolerance, which specifies how
close the output must be to the training pattern to be considered
correct, is set to 0.1 (90% accuracy within the possible output range).
Three layers are used. The first layer is the input layer which reads
in the data to be analyzed. The second or “hidden” layer processes the
information from the first layer and sends it to the third, or output
layer, which produces the result.

In order to use a back propagation network, a training file is needed
which consists of sets of input and output pairs. Each pair of input
data and known output results is called a fact. This application’s
training file consists of 59 facts. Each fact has 150 inputs and 11
outputs, hence there are 150 input neurons and 11 output neurons.

Each input neuron is assigned a vertical slice of the reflection
spectrum. The value presented to each input neuron represents the
amplitude at a particular frequency range which is 1/150 of the
waveform’s total frequency range. One of the 11 outputs correspond to
the probability or certainty of a flaw, and 10 others the range of flaw
depth. For training the appropriate flaw depth is set to 1 with all the
others set to 0. The appropriate flaw depth is the known state of the
test specimen.

To train the network, the program presents the facts one at time and
computes the actual network output for that fact. The actual output is
compared to the known result and the difference is used to make
adjustments to the network connections. Facts for which the network’s
output is not within the training tolerance are considered bad, and
statistics are displayed as such on the screen. The inputs, outputs,
and hiddens can be displayed as numbers, symbols, pictures or
thermometers. While training, the network is shown all of the facts,
over and over until it learns everything to the performance level
specified.

The first design used only two output neurons: one for the probability
of a flaw and the other represented the depth of the flaw directly by
its numeric output value. Although this network trained quickly (86
runs in 15 minutes on a 25 MHz 386), it did not test well. It was
observed that the output was sensitive to the amplitude of the inputs
rather than the features. It did not pass the test on laboratory
samples within the required accuracy. Upon consideration, it was
thought that the network was experiencing difficulty in the way a person
might. Imagine trying to judge the exact length of lines on a wall from
quite a distance away with nothing to compare them to. This is a
difficult task. But if asked what the relative length of two lines is
(e.g., Is the first line half the length of the second?), it becomes an
easy task. This concept sparked an idea for a new design. The new
design allowed the neural network to answer “yes” or “no” to questions
like “Is there a flaw at a depth of 10 – 20%?”, rather than ask it to
come up with a precise number.

The second design used 11 output neurons instead of 2. By adding more
output neurons which represent the flaw depth in increments, it is
easier for the network to train. With multiple outputs (each of which
represents the probability of a flaw existing within a particular range
of the total depth), the network picks one of many instead of using one
neuron to indicate the depth directly. Distributing the output has also
been found by California Scientific Software to be a good design
technique. This scheme also permits the detection situations where the
network is unable to make an accurate classification after it’s trained.
In some cases, the output conditions may not make sense. For example,
when the network says that the flaw depth may be at 10% AND it may be at
50% (which is indicated by both neurons being partially turned on), it
means the network is having trouble interpreting the input. If the
first network were to encounter such an ambiguous case, the single
output would indicate some depth and it would be hard to interpret the
difficulty it was having.

Still, after increasing the number of output neurons, the network had
difficulty passing the test on laboratory samples. After training,
histogram diagrams were examined. The histogram shows that the neuron
connections are tending to bunch up toward the negative end of the
weight values. This is often a bad sign that the network is making
major changes to the weights without being effective (the number correct
is only 47 out of 54 at this point). Sometimes a network eventually
trains and tests out well when this happens, but this one did not. It
was found that 10 hidden layer neurons was too few.

The problem was alleviated by increasing the number of hidden neurons to
20. It had taken 169 iterations to train but now with 20 hidden neurons
the new network trained in 72 iterations, and it got all of the testing
facts correct.

ADVANTAGES OF THE NEURAL NETWORK

The ability of the neural network to learn the key features of input
patterns makes it a useful tool for interpreting impact-echo reflection
spectra. The relative ease with which a network can be defined,
trained, and used makes the technique attractive for developmental work
where the system is likely to undergo many revisions before a final
system is produced. Once the design change to 11 outputs was conceived,
implementation was accomplished in a few hours.

The network output is a set of probabilities that provides a simple way
to measure the certainty of the result. For example, if the flaw
probability is 55%, the network is suggesting uncertainty in the data,
compared with an output of 98%, which shows close correlation with
members of the training set.

The neural network provides an automated method of determining flaws in
concrete without destroying the structure. Testing of the neural
network revealed a success rate of about 90% with laboratory concrete
samples. Success is difficult to precisely determine for several
reasons. One difficulty occurs when the sensor is placed near the edge
of a flaw. The network output may be vague or confusing. The edge of a
flaw can cause reflections from many levels in the concrete. In this
case, the network output could be taken in the context of the results of
tests of nearby areas to determine that it was in fact an edge which
caused the confusing output. This decision could be automated by
another neural network which looked at the results of several tested
proximal areas at once.

Other approaches for finding flaws range from the drilling of core
samples to the use of radar. The first method is destructive,
time-consuming and only permits checking a small percentage of the area.
The second require expensive equipment and isn’t effective when there’s
steel reinforcement. These approaches experience the same problem when
the sensor is not placed directly over the flaw. They also have other
problems of not being capable of rapidly testing large areas, reliable
under various site conditions or easy to use. A neural network is
better because it uses a non-destructive technique, the system can be
built from off-the-shelf parts, its speed enables quicker interpretation
of results, its flexibility lends it to use as a developmental tool, and
the results will be consistent.

CONCLUSION

A new method for automatic interpretation of nondestructive test data
has been presented. The use of an artificial neural network provided a
quick and accurate means of interpreting the results of impact-echo
tests obtained from concrete structures.

On-going work is focusing on developing a rugged field test instrument
based on the impact-echo laboratory test system. When this objective is
realized, a tool will be available for rapid and reliable detection of
cracks in concrete structures.

To date, the impact-echo testing technique has been used in trail field
studies for detecting voids in a concrete ice-skating rink [6] and in
reinforced concrete slabs [7]. Once a rapid field instrument is
developed, the method can be used routinely for nondestructive testing
of plate-like structures such as slabs, pavements and walls. For these
applications, it is expected that a neural network will be used to
automate signal processing.

A Canadian mining company is currently negotiating with Cornell
University for a system that will help them determine if the structure
of a decommissioned mine is safe enough to recommission the mine.

Acknowledgements:

Research sponsored by grants from the Strategic Highway Research
Program, Project C-204 and from the National Science Foundation (PYI
Award).

BrainMaker neural network simulation software ($195) was provided by
California Scientific Software, 10141 Evening Star Drive #6, Grass
Valley, CA 95945-9051. (916) 477-7481.

——————–

Footnotes:

1. The frequency resolution in the amplitude spectrum and thus the
accuracy of plate thickness or crack depth predictions will depend on
the sampling rate and duration of the recorded waveform.

References:

1. Manning, D.G. and Holt, F.B., “Detecting Deterioration in
Asphalt-Covered Bridge Decks,” Transportation Research Record 899, 1983,
pp. 10-20.

2. Knorr, R.E., Buba, J.M., and Kogut, G.P., “Bridge Rehabilitation
Programming by Using Infrared Techniques,” Transportation Research
Record 899, 1983, pp. 32-34.

3. Sansalone, M. and Carino, N.J., “Impact-Echo: A Method for Flaw
Detection in Concrete Using Transient Stress Waves,” NBSIR 86-3452, NTIS
PB #87-104444/AS, Springfield, Virginia, September, 1986, 222 pp.

4. Carino, N.J., Sansalone, M., and Hsu, N.N., “Flaw Detection in
Concrete by Frequency Analysis of Impact-Echo Waveforms,” in
International Advances in Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 12, ed. W.
McGonnagle, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1986, pp. 117-146.

5. Sansalone, M., and Carino, N.J., “Transient Impact Response of
Plates Containing Flaws,” in Journal of Research of the National Bureau
of Standards, Vol. 92, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1987, pp. 369-381.

6. Sansalone, M., and Carino, N.J., “Laboratory and Field Studies of
the Impact-Echo Method for Flaw Detection in Concrete,” Nondestructive
Testing of Concrete, SP-112, American Concrete Institute, Detroit,
1988, pp. 1-20.

7. Sansalone, M. and Carino, N.J., “Detecting Delaminations in Concrete
Slabs with and without Overlays Using the Impact-Echo Method,” ACI
Materials Journal, V. 85, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1989, pp. 175-184.

8. Stanley, J., “Introduction to Neural Networks,” (c) California
Scientific Software, Sierra Madre, California, January, 1989

About the authors:

Donald G. Pratt is a doctoral student in Civil Engineering at Cornell
University. Mary Sansalone received a Ph.D. in structural engineering
from Cornell University, where she is an assistant professor. Prior to
joining the faculty at Cornell, she was a research engineer with the
National Institute of Standards and Technology. Mr. Pratt and Dr.
Sansalone may be reached at Cornell University, Hollister Hall, Ithaca,
NY 14853. Jeannette (Stanley) Lawrence is a technical writer
specializing on the subject of neural networks. She may be reached at
California Scientific Software, Grass Valley, CA.
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Date: 7 Apr 91 02:01:30 GMT
From: panther@ccwf.cc.utexas.edu (Garet Sheppard)
Subject: Artificial Intelligence List – v2.3 (1600 lines)

Artificial Intelligence List – v2.3
-Apr 6 1990-

This file contains a list of novels and stories which contain
one or more Artificial Intelligence (AI) characters. Most of
characters whose intelligence places a title on this list are
effected or affected through the use of hardware, software or
genetic alteration (rarely). Additions and corrections would
be most appreciated as the list compiler has
not read all of the works listed here – or even a significant
portion, and will probably never have a chance to do so. My
thanks to Dan Bloch and Robert Stanley for suggestions, ideas
and editing. The list uses the following AI definitions:

A androids – robots in human form
C computer systems – intelligent stationary computers or networks
H humans in computerized/program/digitized form
N non-mechanical, human created intelligences – usually biological
O other intelligences – intelligent tanks, books, planets, whatever
P programs – intelligent entities able to move between computer systems
R robots – mobile, usually mechanical AIs
S ships – intelligent; only mobile in the form of a (star)ship
Y cyborgs – born human, almost completely replaced by machine parts
* new/improved – information has changed since last edition

e evolved – any of the AI forms which evolved their intelligences

(expanded definitions are listed at the end of the list)

Author
AI type Title
Abe, Kobo
C Inter Ice Age 4 (or _Dai yon kampo-ki_)
Adams, Douglas Noel
* R Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency [Monk of Belief]
R Life, the Universe and Everything
* R So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish [Marvin]
CRS The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy
R The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
Adlard, Mark
C? Interface
C? Multiface
Alban, Antony
C Catharsis Central
Aldiss, Brian Wilson
R `All the World’s Tears`
R? `Comic Inferno`
? `Full Sun`
? `Neanderthal Planet`
A `Pink Plastic Gods`
A `Super-Toys Last All Summer Long`
? `The Hunter at His Ease`
R `The New Father Christmas`
R `Who can Replace a Man?`
? Who can Replace a Man? (coll)
Alexander, Marc
R The Mist Lizard
Allen, J.
C? Data for Death
Amminnus, Marcellinus (pseud.)
C `The Thought Machine`
Anderson Poul
EO? `Epilogue` [mechanical life]
AC `Goat Song`
HY? `Kings Who Die`
R `Quixote and the Windmill`
S `Starfog`
R? `The Critique of Impure Reason`
? A Circle of Hells
? Brainwave
C? The Avatar
Anfilov, Gelb
? `Erem`
Anmark, Frank
A? `The Fasterfaster Affair`
Anthony, Piers (Piers Anthony Dillingham Jacob)
? OX
R Blue Adept
C Heaven Cent
CR Juxtaposition
C Man from Mundania
? Mute
? Omnivore
CR Orn
CR Out of Phase
CR Robot Adept
CR Split Infinity
C The Vale of the Vole
CR Unicorn Point
Anthony, Piers & Margroff, Robert & Offutt, Andrew J.
A `Mandroid`
Anvil, Christopher
? `The Hunch`
Appleton, Victor (pseud.)
? Terror on the Moons of Jupiter
Asimov, Isaac
C `All the Troubles in the World`
R `Catch that Rabbit`
? `Death Sentence`
R `Escape!` or `Paradoxical Escape`
A `Evidence`
R `Feminine Intuition`
R `First Law`
C `Franchise`
R `Galley Slave`
C `Jokester`
R? `Lenny`
R? `Let’s Get Together`
R `Liar!`
R `Little Lost Robot`
? `Mirror Image`
C `Profession`
R `Reason`
R? `Risk`
R `Robbie` or `Strange Playfellow`
R `Robot AL-76 Goes Astray`
R `Runaround`
R? `Sally`
R `Satisfaction Guaranteed`
A `Segregationist`
C `Someday`
R `Stranger in Paradise`
A `That Thou Art Mindful of Him!`
A `The Bicentennial Man`
C `The Computer that Went on Strike`
R `The Evitable Conflict`
C `The Last Question`
C `The Life and Times of Multivac`
C `The Machine that Won the War`
R `The Tercentenary Incident`
R `Victory Unintentional`
AO Foundation’s Edge [planet]
A Foundation and Earth
R I, Robot (coll)
* A Prelude to Foundation
CR Robot Dreams
A Robots and Empire
A Robots of Dawn
A The Caves of Steel
A The Naked Sun
R The Stars, Like Dust
R The Rest of the Robots (coll)
Asimov, Janet (Janet O. Jeppson)
R? Norby and the Lost Princess
R? Norby, the Mixed-up Robot
R? Norby’s Other Secret
Balchin, Nigel
C `God and the Machine`
Ball, B.
R Night of the Robots
Bangs, John K.
R? The Worsted Man
Banks, Iain
A? Player of Games
? Consider Phlebas
Banks, Raymond E.
C `Walter Perkins is Here!`
Bannon, M.
R Wayward Robot
Barrington, J Bayley
R The Soul of the Robot
Barth, John
C Giles Goat-Boy (or _The Revised New Syllabus_)
Bass, T.J. (pseud)
O Ball [Cybers]
S Half Past Human
O The Class One [Cybers]
Y The Godwhale
O Toothpick [Cybers]
Bates, Harry
R `Farewell to the Master`
Baum, L. Frank
R? Glinda of Oz
R? Ozma of Oz
R Tik-Tok of Oz
R The Tin Woodman of Oz
Bayley, Barrington J.
R Soul of the Robot
Y? The Garments of Caean
? The Rod of Light
Bear, Greg
N Blood Music [nanobiorobots]
H Eon
H Eternity
Beaumont, Charles
R? `In His Image`
A? `Last Rites`
Bene’t, Stephen Vincent
? `Nightmare Number Three`
Benford, Gregory
? `Doing Lennon`
O Across the Sea of Suns [Alien Machine Intelligence]
ACHR Great Sky River
* O In the Ocean of Night [Alien Machine Intelligence?]
* O Tides of Light
Berckman, Evelyn
? The Voice of the Air
Bester, Alfred
? `Adam and No Eve`
A `Fondly Fahrenheit`
O `Something Up There Likes Me` [satellite]
C Computer Connection (or _Extro_)
* Y? Golem^100
Bickham, Jack M.
C Ariel
Bierce, Ambrose
R? `Moxon’s Master`
Biggle, Lloyd, Jr.
R `In His Own Image`
? `Spare the Rod`
Binder, Eando (E. and Otto Binder)
R `Adam Link Faces a Revolt`
R `Adam Link Fights a War`
R `Adam Link in the Past`
R `Adam Link in Business`
R `Adam Link Saves the World`
R `Adam Link’s Revenge`
R `Adam Link’s Vengeance`
R `Adam Link, Champion Athlete`
R `Adam Link, Robot Detective`
R `From the Beginning`
R `I, Robot`
R? `Iron Man`
R `The Robot Aliens`
R `The Trail of Adam Link`
R Adam Link: Robot (coll)
Y Enslaved Brains
Bischoff, David
C Wargames
Bixby, Jerome
R `Guardian`
Blade, Alexander (pseud.)
C The Brain
Blish, James Benjamin
A `I, Mudd`
R `Now the Man is Gone`
Y `Solar Plexus`
R? `The Apple`
? `The Box`
R `The Changeling`
C Cities in Flight
? Midsummer Century
Bloch, Alan
R `Men Are Different`
Bloch, Chayim
R? `The Golem`
Bloch, Robert
R `Almost Human`
R `Comfort Me, My Robot`
R `The Tin You Love to Touch`
Bone, J. F.
? `Triggerman`
Boucher, Anthony
R `The Quest for Saint Aquin`
Boulle, Pierre
C `The Man Who Hated Machines`
A `The Perfect Robot`
Bounds, Sydney J.
Y `No Greater Love`
R The Robot Brains
Bova, Benjamin William
? `The Perfect Warrior`
? `THX 1138`
S? `Stars Won’t You Hide Me`
Bova, Ben & Ellison, Harlan
R `Brillo`
Boyce, Chris
H? Catchworld
Boyd, Felix (pseud)
R `The Robot Who Wanted to Know`
Boyd, John
CR? The Last Starship from Earth
Bradbury, Ray
A `Changeling`
A `Downwind from Gettysburg`
R? `Dwellers in Silence`
R `I Sing the Body Electric`
R `Marionettes, Inc.`
R? `Punishment Without Crime`
A `The Long Years`
* O `There Will Come Soft Rains` [house]
R? `Usher II`
Bradbury, Ray & Hasse, Henry
R `Pendulum`
Breuer, Miles J.
C? `Paradise and Iron`
Brin, David
R? `The Warm Space`
C Startide Rising
C The Postman
C The Uplift War
Brin, David & Benford, Gregory
H Heart of the Comet
Brink, Carol Ryrie
R `Andy Buckram’s Tin Men`
Brown, Fredric
* O? `Etaoin Shrdlu` [printing press]
C `Answer`
Browning, John (Robert Moore Williams)
R `Burning Bright`
R `Robot’s Return`
Bruckner, Karl
R The Hour of the Robots
Brunner, John Kilian Houston
R `Judas`
? `The Invisible Idiot`
? `Thou Good and Faithful`
? `You’ll Take the High Road`
A? Slaves of Space (or _Into the Slave Nebula_)
C Stand on Zanzibar
Bryning, Frank R.
R `The Robot Computer`
Budrys, Algis (pseud.)
A `Dream of Victory`
R `First to Serve`
R? `In Human Hands`
R? Annsirs and the Iron Man
C Michaelmas
Y Who?
Bulmer, Kenneth
R `Never Trust a Robot`
Bunch, David R.
H? `Moderan`
R? `The Problem Was Lubrication`
Bunting, Eve
R The Robot People
Burdick, Eugene and Wheeler, Harvey
? `The 480`
? Fail-Safe
Burroughs, Edgar Rice
A? Synthetic Men of Mars
A? The Monster Men
Butler, Samuel
Ce Erewhon
Caidin, Martin
C The God Machine
Cameron, Lou
C Cybernia
Campbell, John Wood, Jr.
R `The Last Evolution`
R `The Last Revolution`
C? `The Metal Horde`
? `When the Atoms Failed`
? The Mightiest Machine
Capek, Karel
R R.U.R., A Fantastic Melodrama
Card, Orson Scott
* Ce Speaker for the Dead
Carr, Terry
? `City of Yesterday`
R `In His Image`
R `The Robots Are Here`
Carrigan, Richard and Nancy
? The Siren Stars
Carter, Angela
O The Informal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman
Carver, Jeffrey A.
Re From A Changeling Star [nanomachines]
P The Infinity Link
C The Rapture Effect
Chalker, Jack L.
CP Birth of Flux and Anchor
P Empire of Flux and Anchor
S Lords of the Middle Dark
CRS Masks of the Martyrs
RS Pirates of the Thunder
* CS Quest for the Well of Souls [planet]
* CS The Return of Nathan Brazil [planet]
* CS Twilight at the Well of Souls [planet]
RS Warriors of the Storm
Chandler, A. Bertram
? `The Left-Hand Way`
? `The Soul Machine`
Chapdelaine, Perry A.
? `We Fused One`
Cherryh, C. J. (pseud)
? Voyagers in Night
Clarke, Arthur C.
Y `A Meeting With Medusa`
? `Crusade`
Oe `Dial “F” for Frankenstein` [satellite relay]
R? `Expedition to Earth`
? `Superiority`
S 2001: A Space Odyssey
S 2010: odyssey two
? 2061: odyssey three
O The City and the Stars [city]
C The Foundations of Paradise
Clement, Hal (Harry Stubbs)
C? `Answer`
Clifton, Mark and Apostolidas, Alex
? `Crazy Joey`
? `Hide! Hide! Witch!`
Clifton, Mark and Riley, Frank
C They’d Rather Be Right (or _The Forever Machine_)
Clouston, Joseph Storer
R Button Brains
Coblenzt, Stanton A.
? `Lord of Tranerica`
Cole, Burt
C The Funco File
Collins, Graham P.
P Variations on a Theme
Compton, David Guy
? Synthajoy
C The Steel Crocodile (or _The Electric Crocodile_)
Y? The Unsleeping Eye (or _The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe_)
Coney, Michael G.
Y? `Troubleshooter`
? Freinds Come in Boxes
Conley, Rick
? `The War of the Words`
Cook, Glen
* S The Dragon Never Sleeps
Cook, Robin
? Brain
Cook, William Wallace
R A Flight Through Time or (_A Round Trip to the Year 2000_)
Cooper, Edmund
A `The Uncertain Midnight`
R The Overman Culture
Coppel, Alfred
R `For Humans Only`
R `The Hunters`
Correa, Hugo
R `Meccano`
Coupling, J. J.
RY? `Period Piece`
Cousey, James
A? `The Show Must Go On` or `So Lovely So Lost`
Cowper, R
? Clone
Crichton, Michael
CY? The Terminal Man
Crossen, Kendell Foster
? Year of Consent
Cumings, Ray
R `Almost Human`
Dahl, Roald
Y? `William and Mary`
Daley, Brian
PS Fall of the White Ship Avatar
Dann, Jack
Y? `I’m With You In Rockland`
Davidson, Avram
? `The Golem`
Davidson, Michael
H The Karma Machine
Davies, L. P.
R? The Artificial Man
Davis, Chan
A `Letter to Ellen`
de Camp, L. Sprague
R `Internal Combustion`
Deighton, Len
C The Billion Dollar Brain
Delaney, Joseph H. & Stiegler, Marc
Pe Valentina: Soul in Sapphire
Delany, Samuel R.
C City of a Thousand Suns (in _The Fall of the Towers_)
C Empire Star
C Out of the Dead City (in _The Fall of the Towers_)
* HO Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand [galactic database]
C The Einstein Intersection
C The Fall of the Towers
C The Towers of Toren (in _The Fall of the Towers_)
del Rey, Lester
R `A Code for Sam`
R `A Pound of Cure`
R `Helen O’Loy`
R `Instinct`
R `Into Thy Hands`
Y `Reincarnate`
R `Robots Should Be Seen`
R `The Master`
R `Though Dreamers Die`
R `To Avenge Man`
R `Vengeance is Mine`
R The Runaway Robot
Dick, Philip K.
Ce `Autofac`
? `If There Were No Benny Cemoli`
A `Impostor`
R? `Oh, to be a Blobel!`
? `Progeny`
ARe `Second Variety`
R `Service Call`
R `The Defenders`
AHR? `The Electric Ant`
C? `The Great C`
? `The Preserving Machine`
C? `The Variable Man`
? `War Veteran`
C A Maze of Death
A Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
? Dr. Bloodmoney
? Martian Time Slip
? Simulcra
R The Penultimate Truth
C Vulcan’s Hammer
A We Can Build You
Dickson, Gordon Rupert
C `Computer’s Don’t Agrue`
R? `Steel Brother`
C `The Monkey Wrench`
? Necromancer
Dnieprov, Anatoly
O `Crabs Take Over the Island` [crabs]
? `Siema`
Dowling, Richard
R? The Fate of Luke Ormerod
Drake, David & Allen, Roger MacBride
O The War Machine [Artificial Inteligence Devices AIDs]
Duane, Diane
C? Spock’s World
Dunsany, Lord Edward (Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, 18th Baron of
Dunsany)
? The Last Revolution
Durham, Jim
? `F.O.D.`
Durrell, Lawrence
C Tunc
CR Nunquam
Easton, Thomas
R? `Breakfast of Champions`
Edmondson, G. C.
? The Cunningham Equations
Eisenberg, Larry
* R `The Fastest Draw` [Robot Cowboy]
Eklund, Gordon
R `Second Creation`
R `The Shrine of Sebastian`
Elder, M.
? Paradise is Not Enough
Ellis, Edward S.
R? The Steam Man of the Praries
Ellison, Harlan
CY `Catman`
C `I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream`
Endore, Guy
Y? `Men of Iron`
Escarpit, Robert
C The Novel Computer
Etchison, Dennis
A? `The Fires of Night`
Ewers, Hans Heinz
A? `Alraune`
Fairman, Paul W.
R? `Robots Should Stick Together`
R The Forgetful Robot
H I, The Machine
Farmer, Philip Jose
* C The Gods of Riverworld
* C The Magic Labyrinth
* O -last book of world of tiers- [evil machines in bells]
Farrere, Claude
R? Useless Hands
Fine, Stephen
A? Molly Dear: The Autobiography of an Android
Firbank, Arthure Annesley Roland
R? The Artificial Princess
Fischer, Michael
R? `Misfit`
Flagg, Francis (pseud.)
R `The Mentanicals`
Forest, Jean-Claude
R Barbarella
Forward, Robert
S? The Flight of the Dragonfly
Foster, Alan Dean
* A Alien [Ash]
* A Aliens [Bishop]
CO Dark Star [intelligent bomb]
R The Black Hole
C The Tar-Aiym Krang
Foster, E. M.
C? `The Machine Stops`
Franke, Herbert
R `The Man Who Feared Robots`
Frayn, Michael
Y? The Tin Men
Friborg, Albert Compton
? `Careless Love`
Fritch, Charles E.
A? `Greever’s Flight`
Fyfe, H. B.
R? `Let There Be Light`
R? `The Well-Oiled Machine`
Gallun, Raymond Z.
R `Derelict`
? `Mind Over Matter`
? `The Scarab`
Galouye, Daniel
C? `Counterfeit World`
R? `The Reign of the Telepuppets`
Garfarth, John
R? `Lack of Experience`
Garrett, Randall Z.
S `A Spaceship Named McGuire`
* O `The Hunting Lodge` [house-computer]
A Unwise Child
Gault, William Campbell
R? `Made to Measure`
R `Title Fight`
Gawron, J. M.
? Algorithm
Gelula, Abner J.
R `Automaton`
George, Peter
? Two Hours to Doom
Gerrold, David
C? `Oracle for a White Rabbit` (in _When Harlie Was One_)
C `The God Machine` (in _When Harlie Was One_)
? A Day for Damnation
? A Matter for Men
RS Space Skimmer
C When Harlie Was One & release 2.0
Gibson, William
CHP Count Zero
CHP Mona Lisa Overdrive
CHP Neuromancer
Gilliland, Alexis
P Corporate Saskesh (includes the following three novels)
P Long Shot for Rosinante
P The Pirates of Rosinante
P The Revolution From Rosinante
Glut, Donald F.
* R The Empire Strikes Back
Glynn, A. A.
? Plan for Conquest
Gold, H. L.
R? `Problem in Murder`
Goldin, Stephen
Ce `Sweet Dreams, Melissa`
Goldstone, Herbert
R `Virtuoso`
Goulart, Ron
A? `Badinage`
R `Calling Dr. Clockwork`
? `Cybernetic Tabernacle Job`
R? `Dingbat`
A? `Gigilo`
R? `Muscadine`
R? `Nobody Starves`
R `Regarding Patient 724`
R? `What’s Become of Screwloose?`
R? Clockwork’s Pirates
* R Into the Shop [ai car]
R Suicide, Inc.
CR? The Emperor of the Last Days
Goy, Philip (pseud.)
C Le Livre Machine
Grant, Charles
A The Shadow of Alpha
Gravel, Geary
C? The Alchemist
Green, Joseph
C? `Space to Move`
Grey, Charles (pseud.)
Y? Enterprise 2115
Groves, J. W.
R `Robots Don’t Bleed`
Gunn, James E.
A? `Little Orphan Android`
? `The Message`
Hadley, Arthur
? The Joy Wagon
Haig, A.
? The Peruvian Printout
Haldeman Joe
* Y `More than the Sum of his Parts`
Hamilton, Edmond
A? `After a Judgement Day`
Y `The Comet Doom`
CR `The Metal Giants`
R Captain Future
Harness, Charles
H? The Ring of Ritornel
Harris, John Benyon (John Wyndham)
R `Sleepers of Mars`
R `Stowaway to Mars`
Harrison, Harry
R `Arm of the Law`
? `Homeworld`
R? `How the Old World Died`
R `I Always Do What Teddy Says`
R? `I Have My Vigil`
? `I See You`
? `Make Room, Make Room`
? `Survival Planet`
* R? `The Man from R.O.B.O.T.`
* Y `The Powers of Observation`
? `The Repairman`
R `The Robot Who Wanted to Know`
P? `The Simulated Trainer`
R `The Velvet Glove`
R `War With the Robots`
R? The Stainless Steel Rat
Hartridge, Jon
C Binary Divine
Heinlein, Robert Anson
? `Revolt in 2100`
C `That Dinkum Thinkum`
R Friday
CS The Cat Who Walks Through Walls
* Ce The Moon is a Harsh Mistress
S The Number of the Beast
CS Time Enough for Love
S To Sail Beyond the Sunset
Herbert, Frank
CM Destination: Void
Herbert, Frank and Ransom, Bill
C Jesus Incident
C Lazarus Effect
* C? The Ascension Factor
Hickey, H. B. (Herb Livingston)
R `Full Circle`
R? `Hilda`
High, Philip E.
? `The Mad Metropolis`
Highstone, H. A.
? `Frankenstein to Unlimited`
Hjortsberg, William
Y? Gray Matters
Hoch, Edward
C? The Transvection Machine
Hodder-Wiliams, Christopher
? 98.4
C Fistful of Digits
Hoffmann, E. T. A.
R? `Automaton`
R `The Sandman`
Hogan, James P.
Re Code of the Life Maker
CS Giant’s Star
C? The Genesis Machine
S The Gentle Giants of Ganymede
Ce The Two Faces of Tomorrow
CR Voyage from Yesteryear
Holis, H. H.
? `Cybernia`
Holly, J. Hunter
R `The Graduated Robot`
Holmes, H. H. (Anthony Boucher)
AR `Q.U.R.`
AR `Robinic`
Horton, Forest W., Jr.
A The Technocrats
Hoyle, Fred and Elliot, John
C A for Andromeda
C Andromeda Breakthrough
Hubbard, L. Ron
R? `Tough Old Man`
Hughes, Ted
R? The Iron Man
Jackson, A. A. & Waldrop, Howard
R? `Sun Up`
Jacob, Sylvia
R `Slave to Man`
Jameson, Malcolm
? `Pride`
Jenkins, Will F. (Murray Leinster)
C `A Logic Named Joe`
Jerome, Jerome K.
R `The Dancing Partner`
Jeter, K. W.
R Infernal Devices
Johannesson, Olof (pseud.)
C The Great Computer (or _The Tale of the Big Computer_)
Jones, D. F.
C Colossus and the Crab
C Colossus: The Forbin Project
C The Fall of Colossus
Jones, Neil Ronald
Y `The Jameson Satellite`
Y Doomsday on Ajiat
Y Planet of the Double Sun
Y Sunless World
Y The Sunless World
Y Twin Worlds
Jones, Raymond F.
? `Rat Race`
R? `The Gift of the Gods`
Y? The Cybernetic Brains
Kagan, Janet
C Hellspark
Kahn, James
* AR Return of the Jedi
Kapp, Colin
R? `Gottlos`
Karlins, Marvin
? The Last Man Is Out
Kelleam, Joseph E.
R `Rust`
Keller, David H.
CY? `The Cerebral Library`
Y? `The Eternal Professors`
R `The Psychophonic Nurse`
R `The Threat of the Robot`
Key, Alexander
R Bolts, a Robot Dog
R Rivets and Sprockets
R Sprockets, a Little Robot
Keyes, Daniel
R `Robot Unwanted`
Kilian, Crawford
P? Brother Jonathan
Kingsley, Charles
? The Heroes (anth)
Kippax, John (John Hynam)
R `Friday`
Kleier, Joe
Y? `The Head`
Knight, Damon
H `Masks`
C Stranger Station
? The Metal Smile
Knootz, Dean R.
CR Demon Seed
? Midnight
Kornbluth, C. M.
R? `The Education of Tigress McCardle`
Y `With These Hands`
Krahn, Fernando
R Robot-bot-bot
Kuttner, Henry
A? `Android` or `As Those Among Us`
R? `Happy Ending`
? `Jesting Pilot`
R? `Piggy Bank`
R? `The Ego Machine`
R Robots Have No Tails (as Lewis Padgett)
R The Proud Robot
Kuttner, Henry and Moore, C. L.
R? `Two Handed Engine`
Lack, G. L.
? `Rogue Leonardo`
Lafferty, R. A.
* H `Eurema’s Dam`
* O? `Hog Belly Honey` [strange machine]
C Arrive at Easterwine: The Autobiography of a Ktistec Machine
Lamont, Duncan (pseud)
C `Production Job`
Laumer, Keith
? `Dinosaur Beach`
Y? A Plague of Demons
O Bolo [self aware tanks]
O Rogue Bolo [self aware tanks]
C The Great Time Machine Hoax
Lee, Tanith
* H? Drinking Sapphire Wine
R The Silver Metal Lover
Leherman, Herb
O `Revolt of the Potato Picker` [field machine]
Leiber, Fritz
R? `The 64-Square Madhouse`
R `A Bad Day for Sales`
? `Answering Service`
R `The Mechanical Bride`
RY? The Silver Eggheads
Leiber, Justin
P? Beyond Humanity
Leinster, Murray (William Fitzgerald Jenkins)
R? `Exploration Team`
? `The Wabbler`
? The Lost Spaceship
Lem, Stanislaw
R `In Hot Pursuit of Happines`
C `The Computer That Fought a Dragon`
R `The Hunt`
R `The Mask`
R `The Sanitorium of Dr. Vliperdius`
R `The Seventh Sally`
? Mortal Engines
R Return From the Stars
C The Cyberiad: Fables for the Cybernetic Age (or _Cyberiada_)
Oe The Invincible (or _Niezwyciezony_) [machines]
Leman, Grahame
? `Conversational Mode`
Leroux, Gaston
R The Machine to Kill (or _La Machine a assassiner_)
Lesser, Milton
A `”A” As in Android`
Levin, Ira
R The Stepford Wives
C This Perfect Day
Lewis, C. S.
R That Hideous Strength
Liddel, C. H. (Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore)
A `Android`
Long, Frank Belknap
R `The Robot Empire`
R It Was the Day of the Robot
Longyear, Barry B.
AR Naked Came the Robot
C Sea of Glass
Loomis, Noel
A `The State vs Susan Quod`
Lowenkopf, Shelly
A? `The Addict`
Lucas, George
R Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker
Lymington, J.
C? Year Dot
Mackin, Edward
? `The Key to Chaos`
? `The Trouble of H.A.R.R.I.`
Maine, Charles Eric (Pseud)
C B.E.A.S.T.
Malec, Alexander
? `10:01`
Malzberg, Barry N.
C? `The Union Forever`
Y? The Remaking of Sigmund Freud
Manning, Laurence
C `Master of the Brain`
R `The Call of the Mechmen`
MacApp, C. C.
? Omha Abides
Markham, Russ
R `The Third Law`
Martin, George R. R.
A `Modular Man`
? `The Last Superbowl Game`
Mason, Douglas R.
C Matrix
Matheson, Richard
R `Brother to the Machine`
A `Steel`
R? `The Doll that Does Everything`
Maxwell, Ann
C Timeshadow Rider
McCaffrey, Anne
Y `The Ship Who Mourned (in _The Whip Who Sang_)
Y `The Ship Who Sang (in _The Ship Who Sang_)
Y The Ship Who Sang
McCarty, E. Clayton
R `Robot 678`
McCollum, Michael
S Life Probe
S Procyon’s Promise
MacDonald, John D.
R `The Mechanical Answer`
Mead, Shepherd
? The Big Ball of Wax
Meade, Malcome (pseud?)
R `Call him Colossus`
Melville, Herman
R? `The Bell Tower`
Meredith, Richard C.
H? We All Died at Breakaway Station
Merliss, R. R.
R `The Stutterer`
Merritt, Abraham
R `Rhythm of the Spheres`
Oe? The Metal Monster [inorganic alien]
MacFarlane, Wallace
A `Dead End`
McGowan, Tom
R Sir MacHinery
Milan, Victor
P Cybernetic Samurai
P? Cybernetic Shogun
Miller, Walter Michael, Jr.
A? `Blood Bank`
Y? `Crucifixus Etiam`
R `I Made You`
R `The Darfsteller`
McIntosh, J. T. (James J. MacGregor)
A `Almost Human`
? `Machine Mode`
A `Made in USA`
C? `Spanner in the Works`
A `The Deciding Factor`
R `The Saw and the Carpenter`
Mitchell, Edward Page
Y? `The Ablest Man in the World`
R `The Tachypomp`
McKinney, Jack
CR The Sentinels – 2nd Robotech collection (coll)
McLoed, Shiela
R Xanthe and the Robots
McLoughlin, John
S Toolmaker Koan
Molly, J. Hunter
R? `The Graduated Robot`
Monteleone, Thomas F.
? `Chicago`
Moorcock, Michael
C The Final Programme
? `Sea Wolves`
Moore, Catherine Lucile
Y `No Woman Born`
Moore, Harris
CH Slater’s Planet
Moran, Daniel Keys
C? Armageddon Blues
CY? Emerald Eyes
CPY? The Long Run
Morris, Janet
S Cruiser Dreams
S Dream Dancer
S Earth Dreams
Nesvadba, Joseph
? `The Einstein Brain`
Niven, Larry
H `A Teardrop Falls`
Y `Becalmed in Hell`
Y `The Coldest Place`
HS A World Out of Time
CH Integral Trees
C The Schumann Computer
CH The Smoke Ring
Nolan, William F.
R? `and Miles to Go Before I Sleep`
R? `The Beautiful Doll Caper`
A? `The Joy of Living`
R? Logan’s Run
Norton, Andre
A Android at Arms
O’Brien, Fitz-James
R? `The Wondersmith`
O’Conner, William Douglas
R The Brazen Android
O’Donnell, Kevin, Jr.
H Mayflies
Oliver, Chad
R? `Didn’t He Ramble`
A? `The Life Game`
Oliver, J. T.
R `Teacher’s Pet`
Padgett, Lewis (Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore)
Y `Camouflage`
R? `Deadlock`
? `Ex Machine`
R `Open Secret`
R? `The Twonky`
Paul, Barbara
C? `Answer “Affirmative” or “Negative”`
Perkins, Lawrence
? `Delivered with Feeling`
Perry, Roland
C? Program for a Puppet
Phillips, Alexander M.
R? `Beast of the Island`
Phillips, Peter
R? `At No Extra Cost`
A `Lost Memory`
Phillips, Rog (pseud.)
? `The Cyberene`
Pierce, John R.
? `See No Evil`
Piper, H. Beam
C Junkyard Planet (or _The Cosmic Computer_)
Pohl, Frederik
? `Day Million`
R `The Midas Plague`
? `The Schematic Man`
R? `The Tunnel Under the World`
* CP Beyond the Blue Event Horizon
* CP Gateway
* HP Heechee Rendezvous
CY Man Plus
C Starchild
? The Age of the Pussyfoot
* HP The Annals of the Heechee
Pragnell, Festus
C? `The Machine-God Laughs`
Preselie, Robert
R `The Champ`
Pychon, Thomas
R Gravity’s Rainbow
Quick, W. T.
P? Systems
H? Yesterday’s Dawn
Rackham, John
A? `Goodbye Dr. Gabriel`
Rayer, Francis G.
C `Deus Ex Machina`
C `The Peacemaker`
C? `Tomorrow Sometimes Comes`
Reaves, Michael & Perry, Steve
C Dome
Resnick, Mike
Y Santiago
Reynolds, Mack
C? `Criminal in Utopia`
C Computer War
C? Computer World
Richardson, R. S.
R? `Kid Anderson`
Richmond, Walt and Leigh
? `I, Bem`
Riley, Frank
? `The Cyber and Justice Holmes`
Roberts, Keith
A `Synth`
Robinson, Spider
* ? Mindkiller
* ? Time Pressure
Roger, Noe”lle (pseud.)
N The New Adam (or _Le Nouvel Adam_) [manmade organic life]
Rohrer, Robert
R `Iron`
Roshwald, Mardecai
? Level 7
Rostler, William
R `Ship Me Tomorrow`
Rothmand, Milton A.
? `Getting Together`
Rucker, Rudy
CR Software
CR Wetware
Russ, Joanna
? `Nor Custom Stale`
Russell, Bertrand
Ce? `Dr. Southport Vulpres’ Nightmare`
Russell, Eric Frank
R `Boomerang` or `A Great Deal of Power`
A `Jay Score`
Re? `Mechanistra`
R `Men, Martians and Machines`
R `Relic`
R? `Symbiotica`
Ryan, Thomas J.
P The Adolescence of P-1
Saberhagen, Fred
O `Fortress Ship` [berserkers]
O `Goodlife` /
O `In the Temple of Mars` |
O `Inhuman Error` |
O `Masque of the Red Shift` |
O `Mr. Jester` |
O `Patron of the Arts` |
O `Pressure` |
O `Smasher` |
O `Some Events at the Templat Radiant` |
O `Starsong` |
O `Stone Place` |
O `The Annihilation of Angkor Apeiron` |
O `The Game` |
O `The Peacemaker` |
O `The Sign of the Wolf` |
O `The Smile` |
O `What T and I Did` |
O `Wings Out of Shadow` |
O Berserker (coll) |
O Berserker Man |
O Berserker’s Planet (coll) /
O Brother Assassin (coll) [Berserkers]
C Changeling Earth
C Empire of the East
O The Ultimate Enemy (coll)
Sandberg, Richard T.
C? `The Perfect Crime`
Saxton, Josehpine
R `Gordon’s Women`
Schachner, Nat.
? `Robot Technocrat`
Schlossel, J.
R `To the Moon By Proxy`
Scortia, Thomas Nicholas
Y? `Sea Change`
A? `The Icebox Blond`
Seabright, Idris (Margaret St Clair)
R `Short in the Chest`
Sellings, Arthur
A `Starting Course`
R `The Template Teleologist`
Senarens, Luis
R? `Frank Reade and His New Steam Man`
Shaara, Michael
R `Soldier Boy`
? `2066: Election Day`
Shaw, Bob
? `Harold Wilson at the Cosmic Cocktail Party`
Sheckley, Robert
R `A Ticket ot Tranai`
R? `Alone at Last`
? `Ask a Foolish Question`
R `Beside Still Waters`
R `Can You Feel Anything When I Do This?`
A `Compton Divided`
C? `Fool’s Mate`
R? `Human Man’s Burden`
R `The Battle`
R `The Cruel Equations`
R? `The Lifeboat Mutiny`
R? `The Minimum Man`
* R `The Robot who Looked Liked Me`
R `Watchbird`
C Journey Beyond Tomorrow
Sheffield, Charles
? Trader’s World
Sherman, Robert
Ce `Problem for Emmy`
Sherred, T. L.
? `”E” for Effort`
Silverberg, Robert
R? `Company Store`
? `Getting Across`
C `Going Down Smooth`
CR `Good News from the Vatican`
R `Ozymandias`
S? `Ship-Sister, Star-Sister`
R `The Iron Chancellor`
R? `The Macauley Circuit`
R Across a Billion Years
H? Time Gate
H To Live Again
AR? Tower of Glass
Simak, Clifford Donald
* R? `Aesop` (in City)
R? `All the Traps of Earth`
* R `City` (in City)
R `Earth for Inspiration`
* R `Epilog` (in City)
* R `Hobbies` (in City)
R `How-2`
* R `Huddling Place` (in City)
R `I Am Crying All Inside`
? `Limiting Factor`
? `Lulu`
R `Skirmish` or `Bathe Your Bearing in Blood`
C? `Univac: 2200`
R A Choice of Gods
* OR City (coll) [dogs]
R Cosmic Engineers
R? Destiny Doll
R Project Pope
S Shakespeare’s Planet
R Special Deliverance
A? Time and Again (or _First He Died_)
Simmons, Dan
PR? Hyperion
? The Fall of Hyperion
Sky, Kathleen
A? `Birthright`
Sladek, John T.
Ce Mechasm (or _The Reproductive System_)
R Roderick
R Roderick at Random
R Roderick: The Education of a Young Machine
H The Mueller-Fokker Effect (or _The Muller Focker Effect_)
? Tik-Tok
Slesar, Harry
R `Brother Robot`
Slote, Alfred
A My Robot Buddy
* A C.O.L.A.R.
Smith, Cordwainer (Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger)
C `Alpha Ralpha Boulevard`
R `Mark Elf` or `Mark XI`
* Y? `Scanners Live in Vain`
* C `The Ballad of Lost C’Mell`
R `The Dead Lady of Clown Town`
Y `Three to a Given Star`
C Norstrilia (_The Planet Buyer_ & _The Underpeople_)
C The Planet Buyer
Smith, E. E. “Doc”
R `Robot Nemesis`
Smith, George H.
R? `Too Robot to Marry`
Smith, George O.
? `Counter Foil`
? The Brain Machine
Stableford, Brian Michael
? The Walking Shadow
Stapledon, William Olaf
Oe Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discord [dogs]
Stasheff, Christopher
SR Escape Velocity
R King Kobold Revived
R The Warlock Enraged
R The Warlock Heretical
R The Warlock Insane
SR The Warlock in Spite of Himself
R The Warlock is Missing
R The Warlock Unlocked
R The Warlock Wandering
R The Warlock’s Companion
Statton, Vargo (John Russel Fearn)
R Cataclysm
Stine, G. Harry
Y? Warbots: Operation High Dragon /5
Y? Warbots: The Lost Battalion /6
StJohn, Philip (Lester del Rey)
R `The Last True God`
Strike, Jeremy
C A Promising Planet
Stuart, Don A. (John W. Campbell, Jr.)
R `Night`
C `The Machine`
R `Twilight`
Sturgeon, Theodore
R? `Killdozer`
? `Agnes, Accent, and Access`
A `The Golden Egg`
* O More than Human [gestalt mind]
Swanwick, Michael
* P? Vacuum Flowers
Tall, Stephen
R? `This is My Country`
Temple, William
R? The Automated Goliath
Tenn, William (Philip Klass)
R? `Child’s Play`
A? `Down Among the Dead Men`
? `The House Dutiful`
R `The Jester`
R? `Wednesday’s Child`
Tevis, Walter
R Mockingbird
Thomas, Dan
C? The Seed
Todd, Larry
R `Flesh and the Iron`
Todd, Lawrence
R `The Warbots`
Townes, Robert Sherman
? `Problem for Emmy`
Tremaine, F. Orlin
R `True Confession`
Tubb, E. C.
A `A Captain’s Dog`
R `Logic`
C `Moon Base`
Turner, George
Y Beloved Son
Vance, Gerald
? We, The Machine
Vance, Jack
Y? `I-C-a-BEM`
van Vogt, Alfred Elton
R `Automaton`
R `Final Command`
C? `Fulfillment`
A All the Loving Androids
CR Computerworld
? Mission to the Stars
C The Infinite Machine
C? The Players of Null A [cloning]
C The World of Null A [cloning]
Varley, John
* H? `Overdrawn at the Memory Bank`
* P `Press Enter`
C Millenium
Varshavsky, Ilya
R `Homonculus`
Vincent, Harl
R `Rex`
Vinge, Joan D.
H? `Fireship`
Vinge, Vernor
S? `Long Shot`
? `The Accomplice`
Pe `True Names`
P The Peace War
Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr.
C `EPICAC`
Y? `Fortitude`
C Player Piano
R The Sirens of Titan
Wallace, F. L.
R `Seasoned Traveller`
Watt-Evans, Lawrence
S The Cyborg and the Sorcerers
S The Wizard and the War Machine
Weinbaum, Stanley G.
R? `The Ideal`
Wellen, Edward
A `Androids Don’t Cry`
* C `Finger of Fate`
? `No Other Gods`
A `Voiceover`
Wells, H. G.
R? `When the Sleeper Wakes`
West, Wallace
A `Sculptors of Life`
White, E. B.
R? `The hour of Letdown`
White, James
R `Second Ending`
White, Ted
A Android Avenger & the Spawn of the Death Machine
Wilding, Eric (pseud)
Y `Deathwish`
Wilhelm, Kate
A `Andover and the Android`
Y `Windsong`
Willer, Jim
C Paramind
Williams, Robert Moore
R `Robot’s Return`
R `The Metal Martyr`
Williams, Waltehr Jon
CH Hardwired
Williamson, Jack
R? `After Worlds End`
R `And Searching Mind`
R? `Guinevere for Everybody`
R `With Folded Hands`
Y? Lifeburst
R The Humanoid Touch
CR The Humanoids
Wodhams, Jack
? `Sprog`
Wolfe, Bernard
Y? `Self Portrait`
Y? Limbo
Wolfe, Gene
C? `Alien Stones`
* H? `The Fifth Head of Cerberus`
Woods, W. C.
C Killing Zone
Wright, S. Flower
R `Automata`
Wylde, Thomas
* ? Clypsis
H? Roger Zelazny’s Alien Speedway
Wyndham, John (John Lucas Benyon William Harris)
R `Compassion Circuit`
R? `The Lost Machine`
Young, Michael
? The Rise of Meritocracy
Young, Robert F.
R? `Emily and the Bands Sublime`
A? `Juke Doll` or `Doll Friend`
R `Robot Son`
R `September Had Thirty Days`
Zamiatin, Eugene
C? We
Zebrowski, George
SY? `Starcrossed`
Zelazny, Roger
O `Devil Car` [ai car]
R `For a Breath I Tarry`
R `Home Is the Hangman`
O `Itself Surprised` [Berserkers]
O `Last of the Wild Ones` [ai car]
C `Leaves of Grass`
C `Loki 7281`
C `My Lady of the Diodes`
H `Permafrost`
C Blood of Amber
Y Creatures of Light and Darkness
O Doorways in the Sand [ai recording unit, invades host’s body]
OR Roadmarks [ai book]
C Sign of Chaos
C The Trumps of Doom
Zelazny, Roger & Saberhagen, Fred
CH Coils
Zebrowski, George
? `Starcrossed`
Zebrowski, George and Carrington, Grant
? `Fountain of Force`

I need more information about any of the above with a query mark under the
AI type field, as well as about the following.

`The Floating World` in _Asimov’s_
a series of stories about Willie Shorts
Connie Willis’ _Fire Watch_ AI’s
Doomstar by Perry and Reeves
Forbidden Planet; Robbie the Robot; author?
Holly in “Red Dwarf”
The (A) containing Callahan stories by Spider Robinson
The Purgatory Computer, Piers Anthony
* The rest of Stine’s _Warbots_ series
Warren Norwood’s Ship/computer book

removed from the list:

Anderson Poul – `Sam Hall`
Asimov, Isaac – `The Dead Past`
Bellamy, Edward – `Looking Backward`
Brunner, John – The Shockwave Rider
Caidin, Martin – Cyborg (or The Six Million Dollar Man)
Card, Orson Scott – Ender’s Children (Xenocide) as yet unpublished
Clarke, Arthur C. – `The Nine Billion Names of God`
Crichton, Michael – Sphere
Elliot, Bob et al. – `The Day the Computers Got Waldon Ashenfelter`
Le Guin, Ursula Kroeber – The Lathe of Heaven
Lee, Tanith – The Eletric Forest
Miller, Walter M., Jr. – `Dumb Waiter`
McIntyre, Vonda N. – `The Genius Freaks`
Oliver, Chad – `Transformer`
Sturgeon, Theodore – `The Macrocosmic God`
Tiptree, James R. – `The Girl Who Was Plugged In`
Zelzany, Roger – My Name is Legion

Things not included:

Dr. Who stuff (K-9, Daliks, Cybermen)
ST:TNG stuff (Mr. Data)

expanded definitions:

All of the following should be able to pass the Turing test,
and should be/have been (at the minimum in their original
forms) products of human or alien intelligence. “Standard”
definitions of intelligence apply.

androids (A) – robots in humanoid form, these can be mechanical
and/or organic (_Do androids Dream of Electric Sheep_).
computer systems (C) – these range in size and type from a
fair sized mini computer (_Ariel_) to an planetary
computer (_Colossus_) to a galactic network with one
single mind (_Speaker for the Dead_).
humans in computerized/program/digitized form (H) – these tend
to be copies of people which only exist in computerized
form – such as the hacker in (_Neuromancer_) and folks of
City Memory in (_Eon_).
non-mechanical, human created intelligences (N) – beings
which have been (in most cases) genetically altered or
are biological (_Blood Music_). NOT forced evolution
however.
other intelligences (O) – beings which are difficult to
categorize: anything Berserker, tanks, books, planets,
planets (Asimov’s Gaia), satellites, etc. Where (O) is
used, the particular form has also been named when known.
programs (P) – able to move independently from one computer
system to another, usually created by a program(mer)
(_The Adolescence or P1_).
robots (R) – constitute functional and specialized beings
which are mobile and are not (S) or (P). Anything between
vaguely humanoid (Dr. Who’s Cybermen) and computers on
wheels (R2D2) can be considered robots of the ‘functional’
robot class. ‘Specialized’ robots are those which are
geared/optimized to performing one job – they can look like
either androids (The Terminator) or functional robots (Val’s
from _Pirates of the Thunder_).
ships/computer systems (S) – essentially an (A) which is
only mobile in the form of a (star) ship (_Pirates of the
Thunder_). However, there are cases where the (S) is
essentially a well programmed (R) which is only mobile
as stated (_The Number of the Beast_).
cyborgs/mechanical humans (Y) – strictly speaking these are not
AI. The definition here is that the (Y) is either (1) a human
brain in control of a computer system/star ship (_The Ship
Who Sang_) where at the very least the person’s brain has
been modified to contain computerized parts (_The Rapture
Effect?_) (Did you ever wish that you could have a math
co-processor?). (Y)’s are NOT (for the purpose of this
list) organic beings whose natural body parts have been
replaced by mechanical ones (ie. Luke Skywalker after
his forearm was severed, or bionic people).
unsure/no idea (?) – just what it says, so someone PLEASE read
it and tell me what type is is and whether it belongs here.
evolved AI being (e) – usually begin as man-made devices
which then develop intelligence on their own (_Valentina_).

Copyright 1990
Clinton Edward-Garet (Jcen) Sheppard
Po Box 8266
Austin, Tx 78713-8266
panther@{ccwf,walt}.cc.utexas.edu

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