Svalbard
\n(territory of Norway)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 62,049 km2; land area: 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen
\nand Bjornoya (Bear Island)<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3,587 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 10 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway,
\nnot recognized by USSR;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 4 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Norway
\nand USSR<\/p>\n
Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current;
\ncool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north
\ncoasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year<\/p>\n
Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered;
\nwest coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts<\/p>\n
Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n0% forest and woodland; 100% other; there are no trees and the only bushes are
\ncrowberry and cloudberry<\/p>\n
Environment: great calving glaciers descend to the sea<\/p>\n
Note: located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea,
\nGreenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 3,942 (July 1990), growth rate NA% (1990); about one-third of
\nthe population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on
\nVestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Soviet areas (Barentsburg and Pyramiden
\non Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research station<\/p>\n
Birth rate: NA births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: NA deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NA migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: NA children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 64% Russian, 35% Norwegian, 1% other (1981)<\/p>\n
Language: Russian, Norwegian<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA<\/p>\n
Organized labor: none<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo,
\nthrough a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty
\n(9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway<\/p>\n
Capital: Longyearbyen<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–King OLAV V (since 21 September 1957);<\/p>\n
Head of Government Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA)<\/p>\n
Flag: the flag of Norway is used<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By
\ntreaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights
\nto exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK,
\nDutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies
\nstill mining are Norwegian and Soviet. Each company mines about half a million
\ntons of coal annually. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company
\ntowns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the
\nNorwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and
\nprovides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal,
\npolar bear, fox, and walrus.<\/p>\n
Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
\n11,420 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Currency: Norwegian krone (plural–kroner);
\n1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1–6.5405 (January
\n1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986),
\n8.5972 (1985)<\/p>\n
Communications
\nPorts: limited facilities–Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay<\/p>\n
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 5 meteorological\/radio stations;
\nstations–1 AM, 1 (2 relays) FM, 1 TV<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920)
\n.pa
\nSwaziland
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 17,360 km2; land area: 17,200 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydroelelectric
\npower, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits<\/p>\n
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 67% meadows and pastures;
\n6% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 2% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 778,525 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 46 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 15 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 126 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 55 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.0 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Swazi(s); adjective–Swazi<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 97% African, 3% European<\/p>\n
Religion: 60% Christian, 40% indigenous beliefs<\/p>\n
Language: English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in
\nEnglish<\/p>\n
Literacy: 67.9%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture;
\nabout 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with 36% agriculture and
\nforestry, 20% community and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9% construction,
\n21% other; 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 10% of wage earners<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Kingdom of Swaziland<\/p>\n
Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth<\/p>\n
Capital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative)<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini,
\nShiselweni<\/p>\n
Independence: 6 September 1968 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on
\n12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not
\nbeen formally presented to the people<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts,
\nSwazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Libandla) is advisory
\nand consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or
\nHouse of Assembly<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Obed MFANYANA (since 12 July
\n1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on
\n13 October 1978<\/p>\n
Suffrage: none<\/p>\n
Elections: no direct elections<\/p>\n
Communists: no Communist party<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, Southern African Customs
\nUnion, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA;
\nChancery at 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
\ntelephone (202) 362-6683;
\nUS–Ambassador (vacant), Deputy Chief of Mission Armajane KARAER;
\nEmbassy at Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane (mailing address
\nis P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone 22281 through 22285<\/p>\n
Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue;
\nthe red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and
\nwhite shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels,
\nall placed horizontally<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies
\nmuch of the labor force and contributes about 25% to GDP. Manufacturing, which
\nincludes a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another 25% of GDP.
\nMining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits
\nwere depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for asbestos.
\nExports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of hard currency.
\nSurrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland
\nis heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives 90% of its imports
\nand to which it sends about one-third of its exports.<\/p>\n
GNP: $539 million, per capita $750; real growth rate 5.7% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $255 million; expenditures $253 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA million (FY91 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $394 million (f.o.b., 1988);
\ncommodities–sugar, asbestos, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit,
\nsoft drink concentrates;
\npartners–South Africa, UK, US<\/p>\n
Imports: $386 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–motor vehicles,
\nmachinery, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, foodstuffs;
\npartners–South Africa, US, UK<\/p>\n
External debt: $275 million (December 1987)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 24% (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 50,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced,
\n170 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and over 60% of labor force;
\nmostly subsistence agriculture; cash crops–sugarcane, citrus fruit,
\ncotton, pineapples; other crops and livestock–corn, sorghum, peanuts,
\ncattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $132 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $468 million<\/p>\n
Currency: lilangeni (plural–emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1–2.5555 (January 1990),
\n2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985);
\nnote–the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the South African rand<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 297 km plus 71 km disused, 1.067-meter gauge, single track<\/p>\n
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or
\nstabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth<\/p>\n
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 23 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\nnone with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines
\nand low-capacity radio relay links; 15,400 telephones; stations–6 AM, 6 FM,
\n10 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 166,537; 96,239 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSweden
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 449,960 km2; land area: 411,620 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than California<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,193 km total; Finland 536 km, Norway 1,657 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3,218 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool,
\npartly cloudy summers; subarctic in north<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west<\/p>\n
Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber,
\nuranium, hydropower potential<\/p>\n
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
\n64% forest and woodland; 27% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: water pollution; acid rain<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking
\nBaltic and North Seas<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 8,526,452 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 13 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 11 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 3 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 81 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Swede(s); adjective–Swedish<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority;
\nabout 12% foreign born or first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes,
\nNorwegians, Greeks, Turks)<\/p>\n
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other<\/p>\n
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
\nspeak native languages<\/p>\n
Literacy: 99%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 4,531,000 (1988); 32.8% private services, 30.0%
\ngovernment services, 22.0% mining and manufacturing, 5.9% construction,
\n5.0% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 0.9% electricity, gas, and
\nwaterworks (1986)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 90% of labor force (1985 est.)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Kingdom of Sweden<\/p>\n
Type: constitutional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Stockholm<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural);
\nAlvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan,
\nGoteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan,
\nJonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan,
\nKronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan,
\nOstergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan,
\nStockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan,
\nVasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands Lan<\/p>\n
Independence: 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established<\/p>\n
Constitution: 1 January 1975<\/p>\n
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Riksdag)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–King CARL XVI Gustaf (since 19 September 1973);
\nHeir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the
\nKing (born 14 July 1977);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Ingvar CARLSSON (since 12 March 1986);
\nDeputy Prime Minister Kjell-Olof FELDT (since NA March 1986)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Moderate (conservative), Carl
\nBildt; Center, Olof Johansson; Liberal People’s Party, Bengt Westerberg; Social
\nDemocratic, Ingvar Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK), Lars Werner; Swedish
\nCommunist Party (SKP), Rune Pettersson; Communist Workers’ Party, Rolf
\nHagel; Green Party, no formal leader<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nParliament–last held 18 September 1988 (next to be held
\nSeptember 1991);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(349 total) Social Democratic 156, Moderate (conservative) 66,
\nLiberals 44, Center 42, Communists 21, Greens 20<\/p>\n
Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the major Communist party, is reported to
\nhave roughly 17,800 members; in the 1988 election, the VPK attracted 5.8%
\nof the vote<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT,
\nIAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB–Inter-American Development
\nBank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IPU,
\nISO, ITU, IWC–International, Whaling Commission, IWC–International Wheat
\nCouncil, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at
\nSuite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
\ntelephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish Consulates General in Chicago,
\nLos Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York;
\nUS–Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101,
\nS-115 27 Stockholm; telephone \u00d546\u00e5 (8) 7835300<\/p>\n
Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the
\nvertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the
\nDannebrog (Danish flag)<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during
\nWorld War I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable
\nstandard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and
\nextensive welfare benefits. It has essentially full employment,
\na modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
\ncommunications, and a skilled and intelligent labor force. Timber,
\nhydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy
\nthat is heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms
\naccount for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering
\nsector accounts for 50% of output and exports. As the 1990s open,
\nhowever, Sweden faces serious economic problems: long waits for
\nadequate housing, the decay of the work ethic, and a loss of
\ncompetitive edge in international markets.<\/p>\n
GDP: $132.7 billion, per capita $15,700; real growth rate 2.1%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.7% (September 1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 1.5% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $58.0 billion; expenditures $57.9 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (FY89)<\/p>\n
Exports: $52.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
\ncommodities–machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp
\nand wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and
\npetroleum products; partners–EC 52.1%, (FRG 12.1%, UK 11.2%,
\nDenmark 6.8%), US 9.8%, Norway 9.3%<\/p>\n
Imports: $48.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
\ncommodities–machinery, petroleum and petroleum products,
\nchemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing;
\npartners–EC 55.8% (FRG 21.2%, UK 8.6%, Denmark 6.6%),
\nUS 7.5%, Norway 6.0%<\/p>\n
External debt: $17.9 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1989)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 39,716,000 kW capacity; 200,315 million kWh produced,
\n23,840 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
\ntelephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods,
\nmotor vehicles<\/p>\n
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products
\naccounting for 37% of farm income; main crops–grains, sugar beets, potatoes;
\n100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $7.9 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: Swedish krona (plural–kronor);
\n1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1–6.1798 (January 1990),
\n6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987), 7.1236 (1986), 8.6039 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)–10,819 km
\n1.435-meter standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double
\ntrack; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately
\nowned railways–511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified);
\n371 km 0.891-meter gauge (all electrified)<\/p>\n
Highways: 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km
\nunimproved earth)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 84 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Ports: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo,
\nStockholm; numerous secondary and minor ports<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 173 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,856,217
\nGRT\/2,215,659 DWT; includes 9 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 42
\nroll-on\/roll-off cargo, 11 vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 27 petroleum,
\noils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 25 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5
\ncombination ore\/oil, 6 specialized tanker, 12 bulk, 1 combination bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 65 major transports<\/p>\n
Airports: 259 total, 256 usable; 138 with permanent-surface
\nrunways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n91 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international
\nfacilities; 8,200,000 telephones; stations–4 AM, 56 (320 relays) FM,
\n110 (925 relays) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; communication satellite
\nearth stations operating in the INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT
\nsystems<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,133,101; 1,865,526 fit for military
\nservice; 56,632 reach military age (19) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: $4.5 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nSwitzerland
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 41,290 km2; land area: 39,770 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km,
\nItaly 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, FRG 334 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy\/snowy
\nwinters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a
\ncentral plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes<\/p>\n
Natural resources: hydropower potential, timber, salt<\/p>\n
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
\n26% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: dominated by Alps<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 6,742,461 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 12 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 3 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 83 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective–Swiss<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: total population–65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian,
\n1% Romansch, 6% other; Swiss nationals–74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian,
\n1% Romansch, 1% other<\/p>\n
Religion: 49% Roman Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish<\/p>\n
Language: total population–65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1%
\nRomansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals–74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
\nRomansch, 1% other<\/p>\n
Literacy: 99%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 3,220,000; 841,000 foreign workers, mostly Italian;
\n42% services, 39% industry and crafts, 11% government, 7% agriculture and
\nforestry, 1% other (1988)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 20% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Swiss Confederation<\/p>\n
Type: federal republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Bern<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular–canton in French;
\ncantoni, singular–cantone in Italian; kantone, singular–kanton in German);
\nAargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve,
\nGlarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden,
\nObwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri,
\nValais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 August 1291<\/p>\n
Constitution: 29 May 1874<\/p>\n
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial
\nreview of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general
\nobligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation,
\n1 August (1291)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, Federal Council
\n(German–Bundesrat, French–Conseil Federal)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German–Bundesversammlung,
\nFrench–Assemblee Federale) consists of an upper council or Council of
\nStates (German–Standerat, French–Conseil des Etats) and and a lower council
\nor National Council (German–Nationalrat, French–Conseil National)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Federal Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Arnold KOLLER
\n(1990 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice President Flavio
\nCOTTI (term runs concurrently with that of president)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut
\nHubacher, chairman; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno Hunziker, president;
\nChristian Democratic People’s Party (CVP), Eva Segmuller-Weber, president;
\nSwiss People’s Party (SVP), Hans Uhlmann, president; Workers’ Party (PdA),
\nArmand Magnin, secretary general; National Action Party (NA), Hans Zwicky,
\nchairman; Independents’ Party (LdU), Dr. Franz Jaeger, president; Republican
\nMovement (Rep), Dr. James Schworzenboch, Franz Baumgartner, leaders; Liberal
\nParty (LPS), Gilbert Coutau, president; Evangelical People’s Party (EVP), Max
\nDunki, president; Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH),
\nGeorg Degen, secretary; Federation of Ecology Parties (GP), Laurent
\nRebeaud, president; Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio,
\nsecretary<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 20<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nCouncil of State–last held throughout 1987 (next to be
\nheld NA);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(46 total) CVP 19, FDP 14, SPS 5, SVP 4, others 4;<\/p>\n
National Council–last held 18 October 1987 (next to be
\nheld October 1991);
\nresults–FDP 22.9%, CVP 20.0%, SPS 18.4%, SVP 11.0%, GP 4.8%, others
\n22.9%;
\nseats–(200 total) FDP 51, CVP 42, SPS 41, SVP 25, GP 9, others 32<\/p>\n
Communists: 4,500 members (est.)<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, CCC, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
\nICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO,
\nINTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO,
\nUPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; permanent observer status at
\nthe UN<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at
\n2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900;
\nthere are Swiss Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
\nNew York, and San Francisco;
\nUS–Ambassador Joseph B. GUILDENHORN; Embassy at
\nJubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; telephone \u00d541\u00e5 (31) 437011;
\nthere is a Branch Office of the Embassy in Geneva and a
\nConsulate General in Zurich<\/p>\n
Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that
\ndoes not extend to the edges of the flag<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Switzerland’s economic success is matched in few, if any,
\nother nations. Per capita output, general living standards, education
\nand science, health care, and diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Inflation
\nremains low because of sound government policy and harmonious
\nlabor-management relations. Unemployment is negligible, a marked
\ncontrast to the larger economies of Western Europe. This economic
\nstability helps promote the important banking and tourist sectors. Since
\nWorld War II, Switzerland’s economy has adjusted smoothly to the great
\nchanges in output and trade patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust
\nto the challenges of the 1990s, in particular, the further economic
\nintegration of Western Europe and the amazingly rapid changes in East
\nEuropean political\/economic prospects.<\/p>\n
GDP: $119.5 billion, per capita $17,800; real growth rate 3.0%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 0.5% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $17.0 billion; expenditures $16.8 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $51.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–machinery and
\nequipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles
\nand clothing;
\npartners–Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4%<\/p>\n
Imports: $57.2 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–agricultural
\nproducts, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles,
\nconstruction materials;
\npartners–Europe 79% (EC 72%, other 7%), US 5%<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 7.0% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced,
\n8,930 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments<\/p>\n
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient;
\nfood shortages–fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains,
\neggs, fruits, vegetables, meat<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $2.5 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural–francs, franken, or
\nfranchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or
\ncentesimi<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1–1.5150
\n(January 1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986),
\n2.4571 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned
\nand 2,203 km are nongovernment owned; the government network consists
\nof 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow
\ngauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% electrified; the nongovernment
\nnetwork consists of 710 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
\n1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge track, 100% electrified<\/p>\n
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and
\n1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,506 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen
\nto Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes<\/p>\n
Ports: Basel (river port)<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 215,851
\nGRT\/365,131 DWT; includes 4 cargo, 2 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker,
\n3 specialized liquid cargo, 8 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 72 total, 70 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways;
\n2 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast
\nservices; 5,808,000 telephones; stations–6 AM, 36 (400 relays) FM,
\n145 (1,250 relays) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating
\nin the INTELSAT (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,800,211; 1,550,662 fit for military
\nservice; 44,154 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: $1.2 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nSyria
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 185,180 km2; land area: 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2
\nof Israeli-occupied territory)<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km,
\nJordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 193 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 35 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights
\nis Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq
\nover Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by
\nTurkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq,
\nSyria, Turkey, and the USSR<\/p>\n
Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild,
\nrainy winters (December to February) along coast<\/p>\n
Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain;
\nmountains in west<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores,
\nasphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum<\/p>\n
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
\n3% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 3% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: there are 35 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied
\nGolan Heights<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 12,483,440 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990);
\nin addition, there are 13,500 Druze and 10,500 Jewish settlers in the
\nIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 44 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 70 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Syrian(s); adjective–Syrian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other<\/p>\n
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects;
\n10% Christian (various sects); tiny Jewish communities in Damascus,
\nAl Qamishli, and Aleppo<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic,
\nCircassian; French widely understood<\/p>\n
Literacy: 49%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 2,400,000; 36% miscellaneous and government services,
\n32% agriculture, 32% industry and construction); majority unskilled;
\nshortage of skilled labor (1984)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 5% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Syrian Arab Republic<\/p>\n
Type: republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963<\/p>\n
Capital: Damascus<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat,
\nsingular–muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah,
\nAr Raqqah, As Suwayda, Dara, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab,
\nHamah, Hims, Idlib, Madinat Dimashq, Tartus<\/p>\n
Independence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under
\nFrench administration); formerly United Arab Republic<\/p>\n
Constitution: 13 March 1973<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious
\ncourts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 17 April (1946)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, three vice presidents, prime minister,
\nthree deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral People’s Council (Majlis ash Shaab)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial
\nCouncil, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Lt. Gen. Hafiz al-ASSAD (since 22 February
\n1971); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Dr. Rifat al-ASSAD, and
\nMuhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987);
\nDeputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist
\nResurrectionist (Bath) Party; the Progressive National Front is dominated by
\nBathists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist
\nParty (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian
\nCommunist Party (SCP)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 10-11 February 1985 (next to be held February
\n1992);
\nresults–President Hafiz al-Assad was reelected without opposition;<\/p>\n
People’s Council–last held 10-11 February 1986 (next to be
\nheld 22 May 1990);
\nresults–Bath 66%, ASU 5%, SCP 5%, Socialist Unionist Movement 4%,
\nASP 2%, independents 18%;
\nseats–(195 total) Bath 129, Communist 9, ASU 9, Socialiist Unionist
\nMovement 8, ASP 5, independents 35; the People’s Council will have
\n250 seats total in the 22 May 1990 election<\/p>\n
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: non-Bath parties have little
\neffective political influence; Communist party ineffective; greatest threat to
\nAssad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious
\nleaders; Muslim Brotherhood<\/p>\n
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
\nIOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
\nUPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Walid Mu’allim;
\nChancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
\n232-6313;
\nUS–Ambassador Edward P. DJEREJIAN; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh,
\nAl Mansur Street No.2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus);
\ntelephone \u00d5963\u00e5 (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two
\nsmall green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band;
\nsimilar to the flags of the YAR which has one star and Iraq which has three
\nstars (in a horizontal line centered in the white band)–all green and
\nfive-pointed; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle
\ncentered in the white band<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Syria’s rigidly structured Bathist economy is turning out
\nroughly the same amount of goods in 1989 as in 1983, when the population
\nwas 20% smaller. Economic difficulties are attributable, in part, to severe
\ndrought in several recent years, costly but unsuccessful attempts to match
\nIsrael’s military strength, a falloff in Arab aid, and insufficient foreign
\nexchange earnings to buy needed inputs for industry and agriculture. Socialist
\npolicy, embodied in a thicket of bureaucratic regulations, in many instances
\nhas driven away or pushed underground the mercantile and entrepreneurial spirit
\nfor which Syrian businessmen have long been famous. Two bright spots: a sizable
\nnumber of villagers have benefited from land redistribution, electrification,
\nand other rural development programs; and a recent find of light crude oil
\nhas enabled Syria to cut back its substantial imports of light crude. A
\nlong-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by
\nTurkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed toward the end
\nof the 1990s.<\/p>\n
GDP: $18.5 billion, per capita $1,540; real growth rate – 2%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $3.2 billion, including capital
\nexpenditures of $1.92 billion (1989)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–petroleum,
\ntextiles, fruits and vegetables, phosphates;
\npartners–Italy, Romania, USSR, US, Iran, France<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–petroleum,
\nmachinery, base metals, foodstuffs and beverages;
\npartners–Iran, FRG, USSR, France, GDR, Libya, US<\/p>\n
External debt: $5.3 billion in hard currency (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 2,867,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced,
\n500 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco,
\nphosphate rock mining, petroleum<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all
\nmajor crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown on rainfed land
\ncausing wide swings in yields; animal products–beef, lamb, eggs, poultry,
\nmilk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western
\n(non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion; OPEC
\nbilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$3.3 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: Syrian pound (plural–pounds);
\n1 Syrian pound (LS) = 100 piasters<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Syrian pounds (LS) per US$1–11.2250 (fixed rate since
\n1987), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 2,241 km total; 1,930 km standard gauge, 311 km
\n1.050-meter narrow gauge; note–the Tartus-Latakia line is nearly
\ncomplete<\/p>\n
Highways: 27,000 km total; 21,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed
\nstone, 3,000 km improved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little economic importance<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products<\/p>\n
Ports: Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 19 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 53,938 GRT\/72,220
\nDWT; includes 16 cargo, 2 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 1 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 97 total, 94 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant
\nimprovement; 512,600 telephones; stations–9 AM, 1 FM, 40 TV; satellite earth
\nstations–1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station, with 1 Intersputnik station
\nunder construction; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq,
\nJordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive)<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,712,360; 1,520,798 fit for military
\nservice; 144,791 reach military age (19) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nTanzania
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi
\n475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,424 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa;
\nTanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be
\nindefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the
\nZaire-Zambia boundary has been settled<\/p>\n
Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands<\/p>\n
Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south<\/p>\n
Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates,
\niron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel<\/p>\n
Land use: 5% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures;
\n47% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent
\ndroughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 25,970,843 (July 1990), growth rate 3.4% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 50 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 16 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 54 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Tanzanian(s); adjective–Tanzanian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: mainland–99% native African consisting of well over 100
\ntribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab<\/p>\n
Religion: mainland–33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs;
\nZanzibar–almost all Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: Swahili and English (official); English primary language of
\ncommerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and
\ngenerally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most
\npeople is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in
\nSwahili<\/p>\n
Literacy: 79%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
\ncommerce (1986 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 15% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: United Republic of Tanzania<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred
\nto Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital in the 1990s<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma,
\nIringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza,
\nPemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora,
\nTanga, Zanzibar Central\/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban\/West,
\nZiwa Magharibi<\/p>\n
Independence: Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from
\nUN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent
\n19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964
\nto form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United
\nRepublic of Tanzania 29 October 1964<\/p>\n
Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains
\nsubject to provisions of the union Constitution)<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
\nacts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
\njurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of
\nthe union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–First Vice President and Prime Minister Joseph Sinde
\nWARIOBA (since 6 November 1985)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–Chama Cha Mapinduzi
\n(CCM or Revolutionary Party), Julius Nyerere, party chairman<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held
\nOctober 1990);
\nresults–Ali Hassan Mwinyi was elected without opposition;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held 27 October 1985 (next to be held
\nOctober 1990);
\nresults–CCM is the only party;
\nseats–(244 total, 168 elected) CCM 168<\/p>\n
Communists: no Communist party; a few Communist sympathizers<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
\nICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
\nNAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Charles Musama
\nNYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008;
\ntelephone (202) 939-6125;
\nUS–Ambassador Edmond DE JARNETTE; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off
\nBagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123,
\nDar es Salaam); telephone \u00d5255\u00e5 (51) 37501 through 37504<\/p>\n
Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower
\nhoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower
\ntriangle is blue<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
\neconomy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 40% of
\nGDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry
\naccounts for about 10% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural
\nproducts and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in
\nmid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and
\nfinancial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank and
\nthe International Monetary Fund have increased the availability of
\nimports and provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania’s deteriorated
\neconomic infrastructure.<\/p>\n
GDP: $5.92 billion, per capita $235; real growth rate 4.5%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 29% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $568 million; expenditures $835 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $230 million (FY89)<\/p>\n
Exports: $394 million (f.o.b., FY89); commodities–coffee, cotton,
\nsisal, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, tea, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum,
\ncloves (Zanzibar);
\npartners–FRG, UK, US, Netherlands, Japan<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY89); commodities–manufactured
\ngoods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
\nfoodstuffs;
\npartners–FRG, UK, US, Iran, Japan, Italy<\/p>\n
External debt: $4.5 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 401,000 kW capacity; 895 million kWh produced,
\n35 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes,
\nsisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles,
\nwood products, fertilizer<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for over 40% of GDP; topography and climatic
\nconditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash
\ncrops–coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from
\nchrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops–corn,
\nwheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and vegetables; small numbers of cattle,
\nsheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $387 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.5 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$607 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Tanzanian shilling (plural–shillings);
\n1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1–192.901 (January
\n1990), 143.377 (1989), 99.292 (1988), 64.260 (1987), 32.698 (1986), 17.472
\n(1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter
\ngauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km
\n1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade<\/p>\n
Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed
\nstone; remainder improved and unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa<\/p>\n
Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza
\non Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 29,174 GRT\/39,186
\nDWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum,
\noils, and lubricants (POL) tanker<\/p>\n
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 103 total, 92 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and
\ntroposcatter; 103,800 telephones; stations–12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean
\nINTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Tanzanian People’s Defense Force includes Army, Navy, and Air
\nForce; paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,351,192; 3,087,501 fit for military
\nservice<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1985)
\n.pa
\nThailand
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 514,000 km2; land area: 511,770 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km,
\nLaos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3,219 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: not specific;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: boundary dispute with Laos<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon
\n(mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to
\nmid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid<\/p>\n
Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere<\/p>\n
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber,
\nlead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite<\/p>\n
Land use: 34% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
\n30% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 7% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area<\/p>\n
Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and
\nSingapore<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 55,115,683 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 20 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 34 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 70 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective–Thai<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% other<\/p>\n
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% other<\/p>\n
Language: Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and
\nregional dialects<\/p>\n
Literacy: 82%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 26,000,000; 73% agriculture, 11% industry and commerce,
\n10% services, 6% government (1984)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 300,000 union members (1986)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Kingdom of Thailand<\/p>\n
Type: constitutional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Bangkok<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural);
\nAng Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai,
\nChiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi,
\nKhon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri,
\nMae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom,
\nNakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat,
\nNong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao,
\nPhetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae,
\nPhuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et,
\nSakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun,
\nSing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak,
\nTrang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala,
\nYasothon<\/p>\n
Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized<\/p>\n
Constitution: 22 December 1978<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law;
\nhas not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
\nCouncil of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Ratha Satha) consists of
\nan upper house or Senate (Woothi Satha) and a lower house or House of
\nRepresentatives (Satha Poothan)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarn Dika)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ (since 9 June 1946);
\nHeir Apparent Crown Prince VAJIRALONGKORN (born 28 July 1952);<\/p>\n
Head of Government Prime Minister Maj. Gen. CHATCHAI CHUNHAWAN
\n(since 9 August 1988); Deputy Prime Minister CHUAN LIKPHAI<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Democrat Party (DP), Social Action
\nParty (SAP), Thai Nation Party (TNP), People’s Party (Ratsadon),
\nPeople’s Party (Prachachon), Thai Citizens Party (TCP),
\nUnited Democracy Party, Solidarity Party, Thai People’s Party,
\nMass Party, Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nHouse of Representatives–last held 24 July 1988 (next to be held
\nwithin 90 days of July 1992);
\nresults–TNP 27%, SAP 15%, DP 13%, TCP 9%, others 36%;
\nseats–(357 total) TNP 96, Solidarity 62, SAP 54, DP 48, TCP 31,
\nPeople’s Party (Ratsadon) 21, People’s Party (Prachachon) 17,
\nForce of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma) 14, United Democracy Party 5,
\nMass Party 5, others 4<\/p>\n
Communists: illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members (est.);
\narmed Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total 300 to 500 (est.)<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing
\nCountries, CCC, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INRO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU,
\nUN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador VITTHYA VEJJAJIVA; Embassy at
\n2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200;
\nthere are Thai Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York;
\nUS–Ambassador Daniel O’DONAHUE; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok
\n(mailing address is APO San Francisco 96346); telephone \u00d566\u00e5 (2) 252-5040; there
\nis a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in Songkhla and Udorn<\/p>\n
Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width),
\nwhite, and red<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries
\nin Asia, enjoyed its second straight exceptionally prosperous year in
\n1989. Real output again rose about 11%. The increasingly sophisticated
\nmanufacturing sector benefited from export-oriented investment, and
\nagriculture grew by 4.0% because of improved weather. The trade deficit
\nof $5.2 billion was more than offset by earnings from tourism
\n($3.9 billion), remittances, and net capital inflows. The government has
\nfollowed a fairly sound fiscal and monetary policy, aided by increased
\ntax receipts from the fast-moving economy. In 1989 the government
\napproved new projects–roads, ports, electric power,
\ncommunications–needed to refurbish the now overtaxed infrastructure.
\nAlthough growth in 1990-91 must necessarily fall below the 1988-89 pace,
\nThailand’s immediate economic outlook is good, assuming the continuation
\nof prudent government policies in the context of a
\nprivate-sector-oriented development strategy.<\/p>\n
GNP: $64.5 billion, per capita $1,160; real growth rate 10.8% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 6% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $12.1 billion; expenditures $9.7 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of NA (FY89)<\/p>\n
Exports: $19.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities–textiles
\n12%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, jewelry 6%,
\nmanufactured gas, corn, tin;
\npartners–US 18%, Japan 14%, Singapore 9%, Netherlands, Malaysia,
\nHong Kong, China (1988)<\/p>\n
Imports: $25.1 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities–machinery and
\nparts 23%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 11%, iron and steel, electrical
\nappliances;
\npartners–Japan 26%, US 14%, Singapore 7%, FRG, Malaysia, UK (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $18.5 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 12.5% (1989)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 7,100,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced,
\n500 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles
\nand garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light
\nmanufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated
\ncircuits, furniture, plastics; world’s second-largest tungsten producer and
\nthird-largest tin producer<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GNP and 73% of labor force; leading
\nproducer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops–rubber, corn,
\nsugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food; fish
\ncatch of 2.2 million tons (1987)<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin,
\nparticularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug
\nmarket; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and
\nshifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has
\nbeen affected by eradication efforts, but unusually good weather
\nboosted output in 1989<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $828 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.0 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million<\/p>\n
Currency: baht (plural–baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1–25.726 (January 1990), 25.699 (1989),
\n25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987), 26.299 (1986), 27.159 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track<\/p>\n
Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface,
\n11,386 km under development<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable
\ndepths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable
\nby shallow-draft native craft<\/p>\n
Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined products, 67 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 122 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 483,688
\nGRT\/730,750 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 70 cargo, 8 container,
\n27 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 chemical
\ntanker, 3 bulk, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on\/roll-off, 1 combination bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 127 total, 103 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways;
\n1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to
\ngovernment activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network;
\n739,500 telephones (1987); stations–over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in
\ngovernment-controlled networks; satellite earth stations–1 Indian Ocean
\nINTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine
\nCorps), Royal Thai Air Force; paramilitary forces include Border Patrol Police,
\nThahan Phran (irregular soldiers), Village Defense Forces<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,617,486; 9,543,119 fit for military
\nservice; 610,410 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2.9% of GNP, or $1.9 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nTogo
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km,
\nGhana 877 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 56 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 30 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north<\/p>\n
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
\nplateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes<\/p>\n
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble<\/p>\n
Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
\npastures; 28% forest and woodland; 42% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north
\nduring winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 3,674,355 (July 1990), growth rate 3.7% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 50 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 14 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 112 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 57 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective–Togolese<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and
\nKabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese<\/p>\n
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20% Christian, 10% Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African
\nlanguages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north<\/p>\n
Literacy: 40.7%<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; 78% agriculture, 22% industry; about 88,600 wage earners,
\nevenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working
\nage (1985)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese
\nWorkers<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Togo<\/p>\n
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime<\/p>\n
Capital: Lome<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions,
\nsingular–circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs),
\nAtakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari),
\nDapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah),
\nLama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou),
\nNotse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo,
\nTsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note–the 21 units may now be called
\nprefectures (prefectures, singular–prefecture) and reported name
\nchanges for individual units are included in parenthesis<\/p>\n
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French
\nadministration, formerly French Togo)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980<\/p>\n
Legal system: French-based court system<\/p>\n
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d’Appel), Supreme Court
\n(Cour Supreme)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Gen. Gnassingbe
\nEYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–Rally of the Togolese
\nPeople (RPT), President Eyadema<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993);
\nresults–Gen. Eyadema was reelected without opposition;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held March 1995);
\nresults–RPT is the only party;
\nseats–(77 total) RPT 77<\/p>\n
Communists: no Communist party<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
\nG-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
\nITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at
\n2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212
\nor 4213;
\nUS–Ambassador Rush W. TAYLOR, Jr.; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and
\nRue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome);
\ntelephone \u00d5228\u00e5 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-36-09<\/p>\n
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating
\nwith yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper
\nhoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Togo is one of the least developed countries in the world with a
\nper capita GDP of about $400. The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence
\nagriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 80%
\nof the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton,
\nwhich together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is
\nself-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial
\nsector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate
\nexports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings.<\/p>\n
GDP: $1.35 billion, per capita $405; real growth rate 4.1% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1987 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $354 million; expenditures $399 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $102 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–phosphates,
\ncocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels;
\npartners–EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985)<\/p>\n
Imports: $369 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–food, fuels,
\ndurable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods;
\npartners–EC 69%, Africa 10%, Japan 7%, US 4%, other 10% (1985)<\/p>\n
External debt: $1.3 billion (December 1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 117,000 kW capacity; 155 million kWh produced,
\n45 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement,
\nhandicrafts, textiles, beverages<\/p>\n
Agriculture: cash crops–coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops–yams,
\ncassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $121 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.6 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$46 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural–francs);
\n1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF)
\nper US$1–287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
\n346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track<\/p>\n
Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: none<\/p>\n
Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port)<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,809 GRT\/72,289
\nDWT; includes 4 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier<\/p>\n
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
\nnone with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines
\nsupplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations–2 AM, no FM,
\n3 (2 relays) TV; satellite earth stations–1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and
\n1 SYMPHONIE<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 767,949; 403,546 fit for military service;
\nno conscription<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 3.3% of GDP (1987)
\n.pa
\nTokelau
\n(territory of New Zealand)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 10 km2; land area: 10 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 101 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)<\/p>\n
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons<\/p>\n
Natural resources: negligible<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n0% forest and woodland; 100% other<\/p>\n
Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt<\/p>\n
Note: located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
\nOcean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 1,700 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: NA births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: NA deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NA migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: NA children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Tokelauan(s); adjective–Tokelauan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa<\/p>\n
Religion: 70% Congregational Christian Church, 30% Roman Catholic; on
\nAtafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman
\nCatholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian
\nChurch predominant<\/p>\n
Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%, but probably high<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: territory of New Zealand<\/p>\n
Capital: none, each atoll has its own administrative center<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)<\/p>\n
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
\nas amended in 1970<\/p>\n
Legal system: British and local statutes<\/p>\n
National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British
\nsovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign
\nAffairs in New Zealand), official secretary<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Administrator Neil WALTER; Official Secretary
\nM. NORRISH, Office of Tokelau Affairs<\/p>\n
Suffrage: NA<\/p>\n
Elections: NA<\/p>\n
Communists: probably none<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand)<\/p>\n
Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Tokelau’s small size, isolation, and lack of resources
\ngreatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the
\nsubsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain
\npublic services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP.
\nThe principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps,
\nsouvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from
\nrelatives in New Zealand.<\/p>\n
GDP: $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate NA% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87)<\/p>\n
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983); commodities–stamps, copra,
\nhandicrafts; partners–NZ<\/p>\n
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983); commodities–foodstuffs,
\nbuilding materials, fuel; partners–NZ<\/p>\n
External debt: none<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced,
\n175 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work,
\nplaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops–breadfruit,
\npapaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $21 million<\/p>\n
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1–1.6581 (January 1990),
\n1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nPorts: none; offshore anchorage only<\/p>\n
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
\n.pa
\nTonga
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 748 km2; land area: 718 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 419 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: no specific limits;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
\nMay), cool season (May to December)<\/p>\n
Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral
\nformation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, fertile soil<\/p>\n
Land use: 25% arable land; 55% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
\npastures; 12% forest and woodland; 2% other<\/p>\n
Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to
\ncyclones (October to April); deforestation<\/p>\n
Note: located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about
\ntwo-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 101,313 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 27 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 11 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.9 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Tongan(s); adjective–Tongan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Europeans<\/p>\n
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents<\/p>\n
Language: Tongan, English<\/p>\n
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for children ages 6 to 14<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining<\/p>\n
Organized labor: none<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Kingdom of Tonga<\/p>\n
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Nukualofa<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: three island groups; Haapai, Tongatapu,
\nVavau<\/p>\n
Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister,
\nCouncil of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–King Taufa’ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Prince Fatafehi TU’IPELEHAKE (since
\n16 December 1965)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: none<\/p>\n
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females
\nover 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nLegislative Assembly–last held 14-15 February 1990
\n(next to be held NA February 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote NA;
\nseats–(29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist<\/p>\n
Communists: none known<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, FAO, ESCAP, GATT (de facto),
\nIFAD, ITU, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Siosaia a’Ulupekotofa
\nTUITA resides in London;
\nUS–the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited
\nto Tonga and makes periodic visits<\/p>\n
Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
\nhoist-side corner<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy’s base is agriculture, which employs about
\n70% of the labor force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and
\nvanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The
\ncountry must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand.
\nThe manufacturing sector accounts for only 10% of GDP. Tourism is the primary
\nsource of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on
\nsizable external aid and remittances to sustain its trade deficit.<\/p>\n
GDP: $86 million, per capita $850; real growth rate 3.6%
\n(FY89 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.2% (FY87)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $54.8 million; expenditures $56.2 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $16.9 million (FY88 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $9.1 million (f.o.b., FY88 est.);
\ncommodities–coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro,
\nvanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish;
\npartners–NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87)<\/p>\n
Imports: $60.1 million (c.i.f., FY88 est.); commodities–food
\nproducts, beverages and tobacco, fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
\nchemicals, building materials;
\npartners–NZ 39%, Australia 25%, Japan 9%, US 6%, EC 5% (FY87)<\/p>\n
External debt: $31.8 million (1987)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 15% (FY86)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced,
\n80 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: tourism, fishing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production;
\nvanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $15 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $220 million<\/p>\n
Currency: pa’anga (plural–pa’anga); 1 pa’anga (T$) = 100 seniti<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: pa’anga (T$) per US$1–1.23 (FY89 est.), 1.37 (FY88),
\n1.51 (FY87), 1.43 (FY86), 1.30 (FY85)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vavau); 94 km unsealed
\nroads usable only in dry weather<\/p>\n
Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 37,249 GRT\/50,116
\nDWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659;
\n1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radio receivers; no TV sets;
\nstations–1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Land Force, Maritime Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nTrinidad and Tobago
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 5,130 km2; land area: 5,130 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 362 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: maritime boundary with Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December)<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, asphalt<\/p>\n
Land use: 14% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 2% meadows and
\npastures; 44% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 4% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms<\/p>\n
Note: located 11 km from Venezuela<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 1,344,639 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 28 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective–Trinidadian,
\nTobagonian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1%
\nChinese, 1% other<\/p>\n
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0%
\nMuslim, 21.7% unknown<\/p>\n
Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish<\/p>\n
Literacy: 98%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 463,900; 18.1% construction and utilities;
\n14.8% manufacturing, mining, and quarrying; 10.9% agriculture;
\n56.2% other (1985 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 22% of labor force (1988)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago<\/p>\n
Type: parliamentary democracy<\/p>\n
Capital: Port-of-Spain<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**;
\nArima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David,
\nSaint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria<\/p>\n
Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 31 August 1976<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
\nacts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
\nSenate and a lower house or House of Representatives<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since
\n18 December 1986)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR),
\nA. N. R. Robinson; People’s National Movement (PNM), Patrick Manning;
\nUnited National Congress, Basdeo Panday; Movement for Social
\nTransformation (MOTION), David Abdullah<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nHouse of Representatives–last held 15 December 1986 (next to be
\nheld by December 1991);
\nresults–NAR 66%, PNM 32%, others 2%;
\nseats–(36 total) NAR 33, PNM 3<\/p>\n
Communists: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and
\nTobago Peace Council, James Millette<\/p>\n
Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC),
\nradical antigovernment black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace
\nCouncil, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad
\nand Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress,
\nmoderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor
\nfederation<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
\nIADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB–Inter-American Development
\nBank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC–International
\nWheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Angus Albert KHAN; Chancery
\nat 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone
\n(202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate General in New York;
\nUS–Ambassador Charles A. GARGANO; Embassy at 15 Queen’s Park West,
\nPort-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain);
\ntelephone \u00d5809\u00e5 622-6372 or 6376, 6176<\/p>\n
Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Trinidad and Tobago’s petroleum-based economy has been in
\ndecline since 1982. During the first half of the 1980s, the petroleum sector
\naccounted for nearly 80% of export earnings, 40% of government revenues,
\nand almost 25% of GDP. In recent years, however, the economy has suffered
\nbecause of the sharp fall in the price of oil. The government, in response to
\nthe revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the
\nunemployment rate to 22% in 1988. Agriculture employs only about 11% of
\nthe labor force and produces less than 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it
\nhas been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The
\ngovernment currently seeks to diversify its export base.<\/p>\n
GDP: $3.75 billion, per capita $3,070; real growth rate – 2.0% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15.0% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 22% (1988)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $430 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1987); commodities–includes
\nreexports–petroleum and petroleum products 70%, fertilizer, chemicals
\n15%, steel products, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1987);
\npartners–US 61%, EC 15%, CARICOM 9%, Latin America 7%, Canada 3%
\n(1986)<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1987); commodities–raw materials
\n41%, capital goods 30%, consumer goods 29% (1986);
\npartners–US 42%, EC 21%, Japan 10%, Canada 6%, Latin America 6%,
\nCARICOM 4% (1986)<\/p>\n
External debt: $2.02 billion (December 1987)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 5.2%, excluding oil refining (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,350 million kWh produced,
\n2,700 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement,
\nbeverage, cotton textiles<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for about 3% of GDP and 4% of labor force;
\nhighly subsidized sector; major crops–cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane
\nacreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables;
\nmust import large share of food needs<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $370 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $437 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1–4.2500
\n(January 1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987), 3.6000 (1986),
\n2.4500 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando<\/p>\n
Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000
\nkm unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Ports: Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre<\/p>\n
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric
\nscatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones;
\nstations–2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police
\nService<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 343,292; 248,674 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP, or $59 million (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nTromelin Island
\n(French possession)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3.7 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical<\/p>\n
Terrain: sandy<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and
\npastures; 0% forest and woodland; 100% other–scattered bushes<\/p>\n
Environment: wildlife sanctuary<\/p>\n
Note: located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in
\nthe Indian Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: uninhabited<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic
\nDaniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: no economic activity<\/p>\n
Communications
\nAirports: 1 with runway less than 1,220 m<\/p>\n
Ports: none; offshore anchorage only<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: important meteorological station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of France
\n.pa
\nTunisia
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 163,610 km2; land area: 155,360 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,148 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
\nsummers; desert in south<\/p>\n
Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south
\nmerges into the Sahara<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc,
\nsalt<\/p>\n
Land use: 20% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
\n4% forest and woodland; 47% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; only
\n144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 8,095,492 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 28 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 70 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Tunisian(s); adjective–Tunisian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish<\/p>\n
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less than 1% Jewish<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 62% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 2,250,000; 32% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor
\nforce; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of
\nConstitutional Democratic Party<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Tunisia; note–may be changed to Tunisian
\nRepublic<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Tunis<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 23 governorates (wilayat,
\nsingular–wilayah); Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah, Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn,
\nAl Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin Arus, Jundubah,
\nMadanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis,
\nSidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis,
\nZaghwan<\/p>\n
Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 1 June 1959<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some
\njudicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI
\n(since 7 November 1987);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September
\n1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party
\n(RCD), President Ben Ali (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic
\nSocialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal,
\nincluding the Communist Party<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 20<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994);
\nresults–Gen. Zine el Abidine Ben Aliwas reelected without opposition;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held 2 April 1989
\n(next to be held April 1994);
\nresults–RCD 80.7%, independents\/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, others 2.4%
\nseats–(141 total) RCD 141<\/p>\n
Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students<\/p>\n
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
\nIAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
\nILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC–International Wheat
\nCouncil, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdelaziz HAMZAOUI; Chancery at
\n1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850;
\nUS–Ambassador Robert H. PELLETREAU, Jr.; Embassy at
\n144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere; telephone \u00d5216\u00e5 (1) 782-566<\/p>\n
Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
\nencircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional
\nsymbols of Islam<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, and
\ntourism for continued growth. Two successive drought-induced crop
\nfailures have strained the government’s budget and increased
\nunemployment. The current account fell from a $23 million surplus in
\n1988 to a $390 million deficit in 1989. Despite its foreign payments
\nproblems, Tunis appears committed to its IMF-supported structural
\nadjustment program. Nonetheless, the government may have to slow its
\nimplementation to head off labor unrest. The increasing foreign
\ndebt–$7.6 billion at yearend 1989–is also a key problem. Tunis
\nprobably will seek debt relief in 1990.<\/p>\n
GDP: $8.7 billion, per capita $1,105; real growth rate 3.1% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 25% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.2 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $0.8 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
\ncommodities–hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and
\nchemicals; partners–EC 73%, Middle East 9%, US 1%, Turkey, USSR<\/p>\n
Imports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities–industrial
\ngoods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods;
\npartners–EC 68%, US 7%, Canada, Japan, USSR, China, Saudi Arabia,
\nAlgeria<\/p>\n
External debt: $7.6 billion (December 1989)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced,
\n530 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore),
\ntextiles, footwear, food, beverages<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output
\nsubject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export
\ncrops–olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products–grain, sugar
\nbeets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food;
\nfish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1986)<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $694 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.6 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$410 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Tunisian dinar (plural–dinars);
\n1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1–0.9055 (January 1990),
\n0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987), 0.7940 (1986), 0.8345 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 2,154 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter standard gauge;
\n1,689 km 1.000-meter gauge<\/p>\n
Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and
\nunimproved earth<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined products; 742 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,172 GRT\/218,970
\nDWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on\/roll-off cargo,
\n2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker,
\n1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 30 total, 28 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities
\nconsist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio relay; key centers
\nare Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones;
\nstations–18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV; 4 submarine cables; satellite earth stations–1
\nAtlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial
\ncable to Algeria; radio relay to Algeria, Libya, and Italy<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,997,197; 1,149,141 fit for military
\nservice; 88,368 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2.7% of GDP, or $235 million (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nTurkey
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 780,580 km2; land area: 770,760 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,715 km total; Bulgaria 240 km, Greece 206 km,
\nIran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km, USSR 617 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 7,200 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: in Black Sea only–to the maritime
\nboundary agreed upon with the USSR;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 6 nm (12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea)<\/p>\n
Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with
\nGreece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing
\ndispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans
\nfor the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq,
\nSyria, Turkey, and the USSR<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
\nharsher in interior<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau
\n(Anatolia)<\/p>\n
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate,
\nsulphur, iron ore<\/p>\n
Land use: 30% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 12% meadows and
\npastures; 26% forest and woodland; 28% other; includes 3% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major
\nriver valleys in west; air pollution; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus,
\nSea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Turkey and
\nNorway only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 56,704,327 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 29 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 74 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Turk(s); adjective–Turkish<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other<\/p>\n
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2% other (mostly Christian and
\nJewish)<\/p>\n
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic<\/p>\n
Literacy: 70%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 18,800,000; 56% agriculture, 30% services, 14% industry;
\nabout 1,000,000 Turks work abroad (1987)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Turkey<\/p>\n
Type: republican parliamentary democracy<\/p>\n
Capital: Ankara<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 67 provinces (iller, singular–il); Adana,
\nAdiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir,
\nBilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
\nDenizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
\nGaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta,
\nIstanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirklareli,
\nKirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus,
\nNevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sivas,
\nTekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat,
\nZonguldak; note–there may be four new provinces named Aksaray, Bayburt,
\nKaraman, and Kirikkale<\/p>\n
Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 7 November 1982<\/p>\n
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
\n29 October (1923)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister,
\ndeputy prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet
\nMeclisi)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Yildirim AKBULUT (since 9 November
\n1989); Deputy Prime Minister Ali BOZER (since 31 March 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Motherland Party (ANAP), Yildirim
\nAkbulut; Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP), Erdal Inonu; Correct Way
\nParty (CWP), Suleyman Demirel; Democratic Left Party (DLP), Bulent
\nEcevit; Prosperity Party (RP), Necmettin Erbakan; National Work Party (MCP),
\nAlpaslan Turkes; Reform Democratic Party (IDP), Aykut Edibali<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nGrand National Assembly–last held 29 November 1987
\n(next to be held November 1992);
\nresults–ANAP 36%, SHP 25%, CWP 19%, others 20%;
\nseats–(450 total) ANAP 283, SHP 81, CWP 56, independents 26, vacant 4<\/p>\n
Communists: strength and support negligible<\/p>\n
Member of: ASSIMER, CCC, Council of Europe, EC (associate member),
\nECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank,
\nIEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU,
\nNATO, OECD, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at
\n1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200;
\nthere are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
\nand New York;
\nUS–Ambassador Morton ABRAMOWITZ; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard,
\nAnkara (mailing address is APO New York 09254–0001);
\ntelephone \u00d590\u00e5 (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General in
\nIstanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana<\/p>\n
Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward
\nthe hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered on the hoist side<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 continue
\nto bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown steadily since
\nthe early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP increasing more than 6%
\nannually. Agriculture remains the most important economic sector,
\nemploying about 60% of the labor force, accounting for almost 20% of GDP, and
\ncontributing about 25% to exports. Impressive growth in recent years has not
\nsolved all of the economic problems facing Turkey. Inflation and interest rates
\nremain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties
\nfor a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally
\ncontrolled to a free market economy. The government has launched a
\nmultimillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which
\nincludes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to
\ngenerate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned
\ntapping of huge quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the
\ndownstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq.<\/p>\n
GDP: $75 billion, per capita $1,350; real growth rate 1.8% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 68.8% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 15.8% (1988)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $12.1 billion; expenditures $14.5 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $2.08 billion (FY88 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $11.7 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–industrial
\nproducts 70%, crops and livestock products 25%;
\npartners–FRG 18.4%, Iraq 8.5%, Italy 8.2%, US 6.5%, UK 4.9%,
\nIran 4.7%<\/p>\n
Imports: $14.3 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–crude oil,
\nmachinery, transport equipment, metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics,
\nrubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals; partners–FRG 14.3%,
\nUS 10.6%, Iraq 10.0%, Italy 7.0%, France 5.8%, UK 5.2%<\/p>\n
External debt: $36.3 billion (November 1989)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 7.4% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 14,064,000 kW capacity; 40,000 million kWh produced,
\n720 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite,
\ncopper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs majority of population;
\nproducts–tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit,
\nvariety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: one of the world’s major suppliers of licit opiate
\nproducts; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy
\ncultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $2.2 billion; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $7.9 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$4.5 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: Turkish lira (plural–liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1–2,314.7 (November 1989),
\n1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 8,401 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 479 km electrified<\/p>\n
Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or
\ncrushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: about 1,200 km<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products;
\n708 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 327 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,972,465
\nGRT\/5,087,620 DWT; includes 6 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger,
\n1 passenger-cargo, 193 cargo, 1 container, 4 roll-on\/roll-off cargo,
\n3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 35 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
\n(POL) tanker, 15 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 4 combination ore\/oil,
\n1 specialized tanker, 55 bulk, 4 combination bulk, 1 specialized liquid cargo<\/p>\n
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft (1985)<\/p>\n
Airports: 119 total, 112 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways;
\n3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio
\nrelay network; 3,100,000 telephones; stations–15 AM; 45 (60 repeaters) FM;
\n61 (476 repeaters) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating in the
\nINTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine telephone cable<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie, Coast Guard<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,413,944; 8,813,430 fit for military
\nservice; 597,547 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 3.9% of GDP, or $2.9 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nTurks and Caicos Islands
\n(dependent territory of the UK)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 430 km2; land area: 430 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 389 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and
\nrelatively dry<\/p>\n
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps<\/p>\n
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch<\/p>\n
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
\nforest and woodland; 98% other<\/p>\n
Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes<\/p>\n
Note: located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North
\nAtlantic Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 9,761 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 25 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 4 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: majority of African descent<\/p>\n
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Methodist, Church of God,
\nSeventh-Day Adventist<\/p>\n
Language: English (official)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 99% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;
\nsome subsistence agriculture<\/p>\n
Organized labor: St. George’s Industrial Trade Union<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: dependent territory of the UK<\/p>\n
Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a
\nConstitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number
\nadopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas<\/p>\n
National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented
\nby Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March
\n1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: People’s Democratic Movement (PDM),
\nOswald Skippings; Progressive National Party (PNP), Dan Malcolm and
\nNorman Saunders; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel Missick<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nLegislative Council–last held on 3 March 1988
\n(next to be held NA);
\nresults–PDM 60%, PNP 30%, others 10%;
\nseats–(20 total, 13 elected) PDM 11, PNP 2<\/p>\n
Communists: none<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK, the
\ninterests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by
\nthe UK;
\nUS–none<\/p>\n
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
\nthe colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield
\nis yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore
\nbanking. Subsistence farming–corn and beans–exists only on the Caicos
\nIslands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be
\nimported.<\/p>\n
GDP: $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth rate NA% (1986)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 12% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87)<\/p>\n
Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84); commodities–lobster, dried
\nand fresh conch, conch shells; partners–US, UK<\/p>\n
Imports: $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84); commodities–foodstuffs,
\ndrink, tobacco, clothing; partners–US, UK<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11 million kWh produced,
\n1,160 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services<\/p>\n
Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans;
\nfishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $92.8 million<\/p>\n
Currency: US currency is used<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: US currency is used<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac<\/p>\n
Ports: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour<\/p>\n
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd.
\n(cargo service)<\/p>\n
Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones;
\nstations–3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
\nearth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK
\n.pa
\nTuvalu
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 26 km2; land area: 26 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 24 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
\nNovember); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)<\/p>\n
Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
\nforest and woodland; 100% other<\/p>\n
Environment: severe tropical storms are rare<\/p>\n
Note: located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 9,136 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 30 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 63 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Tuvaluans(s); adjective–Tuvaluan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian<\/p>\n
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protestant<\/p>\n
Language: Tuvaluan, English<\/p>\n
Literacy: less than 50%<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA<\/p>\n
Organized labor: none<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: democracy<\/p>\n
Capital: Funafuti<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 1 October 1978<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
\ndeputy prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: High Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
\nby Governor General Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October
\n1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: none<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nParliament–last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by
\nSeptember 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote NA;
\nseats–(12 total)<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, ESCAP (associate member), GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); US–none<\/p>\n
Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant;
\nthe outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow
\nfive-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with
\npoor-quality soil. The country has a small economy, no known mineral resources,
\nand few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic
\nactivities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a
\ntourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and
\ncoins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually
\nfrom an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New
\nZealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea.<\/p>\n
GNP: $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $2.59 million; expenditures $3.6 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of NA (1983 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); commodities–copra;
\npartners–Fiji, Australia, NZ<\/p>\n
Imports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); commodities–food,
\nanimals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods; partners–Fiji,
\nAustralia, NZ<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA<\/p>\n
Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced,
\n350 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: fishing, tourism, copra<\/p>\n
Agriculture: coconuts, copra<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $84 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per
\nUS$1–1.2784 (January 1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987),
\n1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: NA<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 8 km gravel<\/p>\n
Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043
\nGRT\/450 DWT<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: stations–1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones;
\n4,000 radio receivers; 108 telephones<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: NA<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nUganda
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 236,040 km2; land area: 199,710 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan
\n435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December
\nto February, June to August); semiarid in northeast<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt<\/p>\n
Land use: 23% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
\n30% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 17,960,262 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 52 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 17 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 107 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 50 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.4 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Ugandan(s); adjective–Ugandan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab<\/p>\n
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protestant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous
\nbeliefs<\/p>\n
Language: English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu
\nand Nilotic languages<\/p>\n
Literacy: 57.3%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 4,500,000 (est.); 94% subsistence activities, 6% wage earners
\n(est.); 50% of population of working age (1983)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 125,000 union members<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Uganda<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Kampala<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern,
\nKaramoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western<\/p>\n
Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 8 September 1967, suspended following coup of 27 July 1985;
\nin process of constitutional revision<\/p>\n
Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common
\nlaw and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,
\nCabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
\n29 January 1986);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since
\n30 January 1986); First Deputy Prime Minister Eriya KATEGAYA (since NA)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–National Resistance
\nMovement (NRM); note–the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), Ugandan
\nPeople’s Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and Conservative Party
\n(CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political activities<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nNational Resistance Council–last held 11-28 February 1989
\n(next to be held after January 1995);
\nresults–NRM is the only party;
\nseats–(278 total, 210 indirectly elected) NRM 210<\/p>\n
Other political parties or pressure groups: Uganda People’s Democratic
\nMovement (UPDM), Uganda People’s Front (UPF), Uganda Freedom Movement (UFM),
\nHoly Spirit Movement (HSM)<\/p>\n
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, CCC, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
\nICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
\nINTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
\nWTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI;
\n5909 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through
\n7102; US–Ambassador John A. BURROUGHS, Jr.; Embassy at British High
\nCommission Building, Obote Avenue, Kampala (mailing address is P. O. Box
\n7007, Kampala); telephone \u00d5256\u00e5 (41) 259791<\/p>\n
Flag: six equal horizonal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black,
\nyellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts
\na red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
\nsoils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
\ncobalt. For most of the past 15 years the economy has been devastated by
\npolitical instability, mismanagement, and civil war, keeping Uganda poor
\nwith a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels
\nof the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the
\nmost important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work
\nforce. Coffee is the major export crop and accounted for 97% of export
\nrevenues in 1988. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and
\nstabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer
\nprices on export crops, increasing petroleum prices, and
\nimproving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at
\ndampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting
\nproduction and export earnings.<\/p>\n
GDP: $4.9 billion, per capita $300 (1988); real growth rate 6.1% (1989
\nest.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 72% (FY89)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $272 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–coffee 97%,
\ncotton, tea; partners–US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%<\/p>\n
Imports: $626 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–petroleum
\nproducts, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food;
\npartners–Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%<\/p>\n
External debt: $1.4 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 25.1% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 312 million kWh produced,
\n18 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 57% of GDP and 83% of labor force; cash
\ncrops–coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops–cassava, potatoes, corn,
\nmillet, pulses; livestock products–beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;
\nself-sufficient in food<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $123 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.0 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$140 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Ugandan shilling (plural–shillings);
\n1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1–370 (December 1989),
\n223.09 (1989), 106.14 (1988), 42.84 (1987), 14.00 (1986), 6.72 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track<\/p>\n
Highways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel,
\nand laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George,
\nLake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at
\nJinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
\n1,697 GRT<\/p>\n
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 39 total, 30 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
\nrunways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay and radio communications
\nstations; 61,600 telephones; stations–10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite earth
\nstations–1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: National Resistance Army (NRA)<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,836,921; about 2,084,813 fit for
\nmilitary service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 1.4% of GDP (1985)
\n.pa
\nUnited Arab Emirates
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 83,600 km2; land area: 83,600 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km,
\nQatar 20 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,448 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant
\nline<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 3 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: boundary with Qatar is in dispute; no defined boundary with
\nSaudi Arabia; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line
\nin far north; claims three islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran
\n(Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg
\nor Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb)<\/p>\n
Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains<\/p>\n
Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand
\ndunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil and natural gas<\/p>\n
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 2% meadows and
\npastures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 98% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural
\nfreshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location along southern approaches to
\nStrait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 2,253,624 (July 1990), growth rate 6.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 31 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 3 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 33 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 73 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Emirian(s), adjective–Emirian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 19% Emirian, 23% other Arab, 50% South Asian
\n(fluctuating), 8% other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians); less
\nthan 20% of the population are UAE citizens (1982)<\/p>\n
Religion: 96% Muslim (16% Shia); 4% Christian, Hindu, and other<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and English widely spoken in major
\ncities; Hindi, Urdu<\/p>\n
Literacy: 68%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.); 85% industry and commerce,
\n5% agriculture, 5% services, 5% government; 80% of labor force is foreign<\/p>\n
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE<\/p>\n
Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central
\ngovernment and other powers reserved to member shaykhdoms<\/p>\n
Capital: Abu Dhabi<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular–imarah);
\nAbu Zaby, Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy,
\nRas al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn<\/p>\n
Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)<\/p>\n
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and
\nin several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers,
\nprime minister, Council of Ministers<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi
\n(since 2 December 1971); Vice President Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM
\nof Dubayy (since 2 December 1971;<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Shaykh Rashid bin Said Al MAKTUM
\nof Dubayy (Prime Minister since 30 April 1979); Deputy Prime Minister Maktum bin
\nRashid al MAKTUM (since 2 December 1971)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: none<\/p>\n
Suffrage: none<\/p>\n
Elections: none<\/p>\n
Communists: NA<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine
\ngroups are active<\/p>\n
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
\nICAO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
\nINTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdullah bin Zayed
\nAL-NAHAYYAN; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,
\nWashington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500;
\nUS–Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street,
\nAbu Dhabi (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone \u00d5971\u00e5 (2)
\n336691; there is a US Consulate General in Dubai<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a
\nthicker vertical red band on the hoist side<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world’s higher
\nlevels of income per capita. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the
\nfortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
\n1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound
\ntransformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a
\nmodern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production,
\ncrude oil reserves should last for over 100 years.<\/p>\n
GNP: $23.3 billion, per capita $11,680; real growth rate – 2.1% (1988)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5-6% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NEGL (1988)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $3.5 billion; expenditures $4.0 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–crude oil
\n75%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates; partners–US, EC, Japan<\/p>\n
Imports: $8.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities–food,
\nconsumer and capital goods; partners–EC, Japan, US<\/p>\n
External debt: $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 9.3% (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 5,590,000 kW capacity; 15,000 million kWh produced,
\n7,090 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction
\nmaterials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 1% of GNP and 5% of labor force; cash
\ncrop–dates; food products–vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy,
\nfish; only 25% self-sufficient in food<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed
\ncountries (1979-89)<\/p>\n
Currency: Emirian dirham (plural–dirhams);
\n1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1–3.6710 (fixed rate)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded
\nearth<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural gas, including natural gas
\nliquids<\/p>\n
Ports: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina Jabal Ali,
\nMina Khalid, Mina Rashid, Mina Saqr,
\nMina Zayid<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 47 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 728,332
\nGRT\/1,181,566 DWT; includes 14 cargo, 7 container, 2 roll-on\/roll-off cargo,
\n20 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 40 total, 34 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with
\nrunways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key
\ncenters are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; stations–8 AM, 3 FM,
\n12 TV; satellite earth stations–1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean
\nINTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan;
\ntropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Central Military Command, Federal
\nPolice Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 904,690; 498,082 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: $1.59 billion (1987)
\n.pa
\nUnited Kingdom
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 244,820 km2; land area: 241,590 km2; includes Rockall
\nand Shetland Islands<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon<\/p>\n
Land boundary: Ireland 360 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 12,429 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation or in
\naccordance with agreed upon boundaries;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: maritime boundary with Ireland; Northern Ireland question
\nwith Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland
\nIslands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the
\nSouth Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in
\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory; Hong Kong is scheduled to become a
\nSpecial Administrative Region of China in 1997; Rockall continental shelf
\ndispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have
\nsigned a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in
\nAntarctica (British Antarctic Territory)<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over
\nthe North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains
\nin east and southeast<\/p>\n
Natural resources: coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin,
\nlimestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica<\/p>\n
Land use: 29% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 48% meadows and
\npastures; 9% forest and woodland; 14% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: pollution control measures improving air, water quality;
\nbecause of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from
\ntidal waters<\/p>\n
Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from
\nFrance<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 57,365,665 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 14 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 11 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective–British<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh,
\n1.8% Ulster, 2.8% West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other<\/p>\n
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million
\nPresbyterian, 760,000 Methodist, 410,000 Jewish<\/p>\n
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form
\nof Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 99%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 28,120,000; 53.3% services, 23.6% manufacturing and
\nconstruction, 10.8% self-employed, 6.8% government, 1.0% agriculture (1988)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 37% of labor force (1987)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
\nabbreviated UK<\/p>\n
Type: constitutional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: London<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties,
\n26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas<\/p>\n
England–39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire,
\nBuckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon,
\nDorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater
\nManchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of
\nWight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton,
\nNorthumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South
\nYorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*,
\nWest Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire<\/p>\n
Northern Ireland–26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena,
\nBallymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine,
\nCookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn,
\nLondonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down,
\nOmagh, Strabane<\/p>\n
Scotland–9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and
\nGalloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde,
\nTayside, Western Isles*<\/p>\n
Wales–8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys,
\nSouth Glamorgan, West Glamorgan<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established<\/p>\n
Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice<\/p>\n
Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
\nBritish Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
\nGuernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region
\nof China in 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands,
\nSt. Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and
\nCaicos Islands<\/p>\n
Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental
\ninfluences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ
\njurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
\nSaturday in June), 10 June 1989<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or
\nHouse of Lords and a lower house or House of Commons<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: House of Lords<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
\nHeir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER (since 4 May 1979);
\nDeputy Prime Minister Geoffrey HOWE (since 24 July 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labour,
\nNeil Kinnock; Social Democratic, David Owen (disbanded 3 June 1990);
\nSocial and Liberal Democratic Party, Jeremy (Paddy) Ashdown; Communist,
\nNina Temple; Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Thomas;
\nUlster Unionist, James Molyneaux; Democratic Unionist, Ian Paisley; Social
\nDemocratic and Labour, John Hume; Provisional Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams;
\nAlliance\/Northern Ireland<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nHouse of Commons–last held 11 June 1987 (next to be held
\nby June 1992);
\nresults–Conservative 43%, Labour 32%, Social and Liberal Democratic
\nParty 23%, others 2%;
\nseats–(650 total) Conservative 376, Labour 228, Social and Liberal
\nDemocratic Party 18, Ulster (Official) Unionist (Northern Ireland) 9,
\nSocial Democratic Party 4, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru
\n(Welsh Nationalist) 3, Ulster Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland) 3,
\nSocial Democratic and Labour (Northern Ireland) 3,
\nUlster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland) 1,
\nSinn Fein (Northern Ireland) 1<\/p>\n
Communists: 15,961<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation
\nof British Industry, National Farmers’ Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
\nESCAP, ESA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
\nIDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG,
\nIMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU,
\nIWC–International Whaling Commission, IWC–International Wheat
\nCouncil, NATO, OECD, UN, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Sir Antony ACLAND; Chancery at
\n3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340;
\nthere are British Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland,
\nHouston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas,
\nMiami, and Seattle;
\nUS–Ambassador Henry E. CATTO; Embassy at 24\/31 Grosvenor Square,
\nLondon, W.1A1AE, (mailing address is Box 40, FPO New York 09509);
\ntelephone \u00d544\u00e5 (01) 499-9000; there are US Consulates General in Belfast
\nand Edinburgh<\/p>\n
Flag: blue with the red cross of St. George (patron saint of England)
\nedged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of St. Patrick (patron
\nsaint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of
\nSt. Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;
\nthe design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a
\nnumber of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The UK is one of the world’s great trading powers and
\nfinancial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in
\nEurope. The economy is essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture
\nof social welfare programs and government ownership. Over the last decade
\nthe Thatcher government has halted the expansion of welfare measures and
\nhas promoted extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector.
\nAgriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European
\nstandards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor
\nforce. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing
\nabout 24% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an
\nenergy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves;
\nprimary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest
\nshares of any industrial nation. Following the recession of 1979-81, the
\neconomy has enjoyed the longest period of continuous economic growth it
\nhas had during the last 30 years. During the period 1982-89 real GDP grew
\nby about 25%, while the inflation rate of 14% was nearly halved. Between
\n1986 and 1989 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%. As a major trading
\nnation, the UK will continue to be greatly affected by: world boom or
\nrecession; swings in the international oil market; productivity trends in
\ndomestic industry; and the terms on which the economic integration of
\nEurope proceeds.<\/p>\n
GDP: $818.0 billion, per capita $14,300; real growth rate 2.3%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.8% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 6.4% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $348.7 billion; expenditures $327.8 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $42.0 billion (FY89)<\/p>\n
Exports: $151.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities–manufactured
\ngoods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment;
\npartners–EC 50.4% (FRG 11.7%, France 10.2%, Netherlands 6.8%), US 13.0%,
\nCommunist countries 2.3%<\/p>\n
Imports: $189.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities–manufactured
\ngoods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods;
\npartners–EC 52.5% (FRG 16.6%, France 8.8%, Netherlands 7.8%), US 10.2%,
\nCommunist countries 2.1%<\/p>\n
External debt: $15.7 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 0.9% (1989)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 98,000,000 kW capacity; 361,990 million kWh produced,
\n6,350 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: machinery and transportation equipment, metals, food
\nprocessing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing, other
\nconsumer goods, motor vehicles, aircraft, shipbuilding, petroleum, coal<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GNP and 1% of labor force; highly
\nmechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products
\nproduced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of
\n665,000 metric tons (1987)<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–ODA and OOF commitments (1970-87), $18.9 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: British pound or pound sterling (plural–pounds);
\n1 British pound (L) = 100 pence<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: British pounds (L) per US$1–0.6055 (January 1990),
\n0.6099 (1989) 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: Great Britain–16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates
\n16,629 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km
\ndouble or multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and
\nnarrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways
\n(NIR) operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track<\/p>\n
Highways: UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved
\n(including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland,
\n23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km;
\nPort Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 km<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,993 km refined
\nproducts; 12,800 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Ports: London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool,
\nDover, Sullom Voe, Southampton<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 285 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
\n6,174,142GRT\/9,024,090 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 22 short-sea
\npassenger, 44 cargo, 44 container, 21 roll-on\/roll-off cargo,
\n9 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier,
\n78 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker,
\n5 liquefied gas, 2 combination ore\/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 45 bulk,
\n1 combination bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 522 total, 379 usable; 245 with permanent-surface runways;
\n1 with runways over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 132 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and international system;
\n30,200,000 telephones; excellent countrywide broadcast systems;
\nstations–223 AM, 165 (396 relays) FM, 205 (3,210 relays) TV; 38 coaxial
\nsubmarine cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in
\nINTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT
\nsystems<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Army, Royal Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,462,993; 12,180,580 fit for military
\nservice; no conscription<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 4.3% of GDP, or $35 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nUnited States
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 9,372,610 km2; land area: 9,166,600 km2; includes only
\nthe 50 states and District of Colombia<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about four-tenths the size of USSR; about one-third
\nthe size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly
\nlarger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times
\nthe size of Western Europe<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 12,248.1 km total; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km
\nwith Alaska), Mexico 3,326 km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29.1 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 19,924 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: not specified;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada; US Naval Base at
\nGuantanamo is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US
\nabandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa
\nIsland; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
\nright to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation<\/p>\n
Climate: mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic
\n(Alaska); arid to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind<\/p>\n
Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains
\nin east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic
\ntopography in Hawaii<\/p>\n
Natural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium,
\nbauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc,
\ncrude oil, natural gas, timber<\/p>\n
Land use: 20% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 26% meadows and
\npastures; 29% forest and woodland; 25% other; includes 2% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality;
\nacid rain; agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of
\nsparse natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes,
\nand earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in
\nnorthern Alaska is a major impediment to development<\/p>\n
Note: world’s fourth-largest country (after USSR, Canada, and China)<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 250,410,000 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 15 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 2 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–American(s); adjective–American<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 85% white, 12% black, 3% other (1985)<\/p>\n
Religion: Protestant 61% (Baptist 21%, Methodist 12%, Lutheran 8%,
\nPresbyterian 4%, Episcopalian 3%, other Protestant 13%), Roman Catholic 25%,
\nJewish 2%, other 5%; none 7%<\/p>\n
Language: predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority<\/p>\n
Literacy: 99%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 125,557,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed);
\ncivilian labor force 123,869,000 (1989)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 16,960,000 members; 16.4% of labor force (1989)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: United States of America; abbreviated US or USA<\/p>\n
Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition<\/p>\n
Capital: Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska,
\nArizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware,
\nDistrict of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,
\nIowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan,
\nMinnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire,
\nNew Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
\nOregon, Pennyslvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee,
\nTexas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming<\/p>\n
Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789<\/p>\n
Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island;
\nJarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island,
\nPalmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island. Since 18 July 1947, the
\nUS has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently
\nentered into a new political relationship with three of the four political
\nunits. The Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth associated with the US
\n(effective 3 November 1986). Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with
\nthe US that was approved by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has
\nnot been completed in Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the
\nTrust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The Federated States of Micronesia
\nsigned a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986).
\nThe Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with
\nthe US (effective 21 October 1986).<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
\nacts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
\nSenate and a lower house or House of Representatives<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President George BUSH
\n(since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since
\n20 January 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Lee Atwater,
\nnational committee chairman and Jeanie Austin, co-chairman;
\nDemocratic Party, Ronald H. Brown, national committee chairman;
\nseveral other groups or parties of minor political significance<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 8 November 1988
\n(next to be held 3 November 1992);
\nresults–George Bush (Republican Party) 53.37%,
\nMichael Dukakis (Democratic Party) 45.67%, others 0.96%;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 8 November 1988
\n(next to be held 6 November 1990);
\nresults–Democratic Party 52.1%, Republican Party 46.2%, others 1.7%;
\nseats–(100 total) Democratic Party 55, Republican Party 45;<\/p>\n
House of Representatives–last held 8 November 1988
\n(next to be held 6 November 1990);
\nresults–Democratic Party 53.2%, Republican Party 45.3%, others 1.5%;
\nseats–(435 total) Democratic Party 259, Republican Party 174, vacant 2<\/p>\n
Communists: Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus Hall,
\ngeneral secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack Barnes,
\nnational secretary<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, CCC, Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, ESCAP, GATT,
\nIADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB–Inter-American
\nDevelopment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
\nINTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC–International Whaling Commission,
\nIWC–International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU,
\nWHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: US Representative to the UN,
\nAmbassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 United Nations Plaza,
\nNew York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4444<\/p>\n
Flag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
\nalternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
\ncorner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset
\nhorizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five
\nstars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13
\noriginal colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis
\nfor a number of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The US has the most powerful and diversified economy in
\nthe world, with a per capita GNP of over $21,000, the largest among the
\nmajor industrial nations. In 1989 the economy entered its eighth
\nsuccessive year of growth, the longest in peacetime history. The
\nexpansion has featured continued moderation in wage and consumer price
\nincreases, an unemployment rate of 5.2%, (the lowest in 10 years), and an
\ninflation rate of 4.8%. On the negative side, the US enters the 1990s
\nwith massive budget and trade deficits, huge and rapidly rising medical
\ncosts, and inadequate investment in industrial capacity and economic
\ninfrastructure.<\/p>\n
GNP: $5,233.3 billion, per capita $21,082; real growth rate 2.9%
\n(1989)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.8% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 5.2% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $976 billion; expenditures $1,137 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of NA (FY89 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $322.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–capital goods,
\nautomobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods,
\nagricultural products; partners–Canada 22.9%, Japan 11.8% (1988)<\/p>\n
Imports: $440.9 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–crude and
\npartly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial
\nraw materials, food and beverages; partners–Japan 19.6% , Canada 19.1%
\n(1988)<\/p>\n
External debt: $532 billion (December 1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 3.3% (1989)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 776,550,000 kW capacity; 2,958,300 million kWh produced,
\n11,920 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified;
\npetroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals,
\nelectronics, food processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GNP and 2.8% of labor force;
\nfavorable climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock
\nproduction; world’s second-largest producer and number-one exporter of
\ngrain; surplus food producer; fish catch of 5.7 million metric tons
\n(1987)<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for domestic
\nconsumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons
\nor about 25% of the available marijuana; ongoing eradication program
\naimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-88), $90.5 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: United States dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: British pounds (L) per US$–0.6055 (January
\n1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
\n0.7714 (1985);<\/p>\n
Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$–1.1885 (February 1990),
\n1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987), 1.3895 (1986);<\/p>\n
French francs (F) per US$–5.695 (February 1990), 5.9569 (1988),
\n6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985);<\/p>\n
Italian lire (Lit) per US$–1,244.8 (February 1990),
\n1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985);<\/p>\n
Japanese yen (Y) per US$–145.55 (February 1990), 128.15 (1988),
\n144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985);<\/p>\n
FRG deutsche marks (DM) per US$–1.6775 (February 1990),
\n1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715 (1986), 2.9440 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 270,312 km<\/p>\n
Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive
\nof the Great Lakes (est.)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 275,800 km petroleum, 305,300 km natural gas (1985)<\/p>\n
Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Cleveland,
\nDuluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville,
\nLong Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia,
\nPortland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle,
\nTampa, Wilmington<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 373 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA
\nGRT\/NA DWT); includes 2 passenger-cargo, 37 cargo, 22 bulk,
\n165 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 10 liquefied gas, 124
\nintermodal; in addition there are 248 government-owned vessels<\/p>\n
Civil air: 3,297 commercial multiengine transport aircraft, including
\n2,989 jet, 231 turboprop, 77 piston (1985)<\/p>\n
Airports: 15,422 in operation (1981)<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 telephones; stations–4,892 AM, 5,200 FM
\n(including 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including
\n796 commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable);
\n495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite earth
\nstations–45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine
\nCorps), Department of the Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: 2,247,000 total; 781,000 Army;
\n599,000 Air Force; 793,000 Navy (includes 200,000 Marine Corps) (1988)<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 5.8% of GNP, or $302.8 billion (1989)
\n.pa
\nUruguay
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 176,220 km2; land area: 173,620 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Washington State<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 660 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted
\nbeyond 12 nm)<\/p>\n
Disputes: short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two
\nshort sections of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la
\nInvernada area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the
\nRio Quarai and the Uruguay)<\/p>\n
Climate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland<\/p>\n
Natural resources: soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals<\/p>\n
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 78% meadows and pastures;
\n4% forest and woodland; 10% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 3,036,660 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 17 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 2 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Uruguayan(s); adjective–Uruguayan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 88% white, 8% mestizo, 4% black<\/p>\n
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends
\nchurch regularly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30% nonprofessing or other<\/p>\n
Language: Spanish<\/p>\n
Literacy: 94%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,300,000; 25% government, 19% manufacturing,
\n11% agriculture, 12% commerce, 12% utilities, construction, transport, and
\ncommunications, 21% other services (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: Interunion Workers’ Assembly\/National Workers’
\nConfederation (PIT\/CNT) Labor Federation<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Montevideo<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
\nsingular–departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno,
\nFlores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro,
\nRivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres<\/p>\n
Independence: 25 August 1828 (from Brazil)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended
\n27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory
\nICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1828)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers
\n(cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
\nchamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
\n(Camera del Diputados)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Luis Alberto
\nLACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo AGUIRRE (since
\n1 March 1990)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Roberto
\nRubio; Colorado Party; Broad Front Coalition, Liber Seregni includes
\nCommunist Party led by Jaime Perez and National Liberation Movement
\n(MLN) or Tupamaros led by Eleuterio Fernandez Huidobro; New Space
\nCoalition consists of the Party of the Government of the People (PGP)
\nled by Hugo Batalla, Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and Civic Union
\nled by Humberto Ciganda<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
\nresults–Luis Lacalle (Blanco) 37%, Jorge Batlle (Colorado)
\n29%, Liber Seregni (Broad Front) 20%;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994);
\nresults–Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%;
\nseats–(30 total) Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2;<\/p>\n
Chamber of Deputies–last held NA November 1989 (next to be held
\nNovember 1994);
\nresults–Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, others 1%;
\nseats–(99 total) number of seats by party NA<\/p>\n
Communists: 50,000<\/p>\n
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
\nIDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
\nINTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Juan Podesta PINON; Chancery
\nat 1918 F Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313
\nthrough 1316; there are Uruguayan Consulates General in Los Angeles,
\nMiami, and New York, and a Consulate in New Orleans;
\nUS–Ambassador Malcolm R. WILKEY; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo
\n(mailing address is APO Miami 34035); telephone \u00d5598\u00e5 (2) 40-90-51<\/p>\n
Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating
\nwith blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow
\nsun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately
\ntriangular and wavy<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of
\n1981-84. In 1986 real GDP grew by 6.6% and in 1987 by 4.9%. The recovery
\nwas led by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture
\nalone contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and
\ngenerating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock,
\nparticularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In
\n1988, despite healthy exports and an improved current account, domestic
\ngrowth slowed because of government concentration on the external sector,
\nadverse weather conditions, and prolonged strikes. High inflation rates
\nof about 80%, a large domestic debt, and frequent strikes remain major economic
\nproblems for the government.<\/p>\n
GDP: $8.8 billion, per capita $2,950; real growth rate 1% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 9.0% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $165 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities–hides and
\nleather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%;
\npartners–Brazil 17%, US 15%, FRG 10%, Argentina 10% (1987)<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities–fuels and
\nlubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, industrial
\nchemicals; partners–Brazil 24%, Argentina 14%, US 8%, FRG 8% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $6 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 2.9% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 1,950,000 kW capacity; 4,330 million kWh produced,
\n1,450 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear,
\nleather apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine<\/p>\n
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing; wheat,
\nrice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $263 million;
\nCommunist countries (1970-88), $69 million<\/p>\n
Currency: new Uruguayan peso (plural–pesos);
\n1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1–832.62
\n(January 1990), 605.62 (1989), 359.44 (1988), 226.67 (1987), 151.99 (1986),
\n101.43 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge and government owned<\/p>\n
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km
\nearth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft<\/p>\n
Ports: Montevideo, Punta del Este<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 65,212 GRT\/116,613
\nDWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
\n1 container<\/p>\n
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 92 total, 87 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo;
\nnew nationwide radio relay network; 337,000 telephones; stations–99 AM, no FM,
\n26 TV, 9 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 711,700; 580,898 fit for military service;
\nno conscription<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2.5% of GDP (1986)
\n.pa
\nVanuatu
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 14,760 km2; land area: 14,760 km2; includes more
\nthan 80 islands<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut<\/p>\n
Land boundary: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 2,528 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish<\/p>\n
Land use: 1% arable land; 5% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 1%
\nforest and woodland; 91% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April);
\nvolcanism causes minor earthquakes<\/p>\n
Note: located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
\nOcean about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 165,006 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 37 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 36 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 5.5 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Vanuatuan(s); adjective–Vanuatuan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 94% indigenous Melanesian, 4% French, remainder
\nVietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders<\/p>\n
Religion: most at least nominally Christian<\/p>\n
Language: English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or
\nBichelama)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 10-20% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 7 registered trade unions–largest include Oil and Gas
\nWorkers’ Union, Vanuatu Airline Workers’ Union<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Vanuatu<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Port-Vila<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba\/Maewo,
\nBanks\/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, Paama, Pentecote, Santo\/Malo,
\nShepherd, Tafea<\/p>\n
Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 30 July 1980<\/p>\n
Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and
\nBritish systems<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
\n(cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note–the National Council of
\nChiefs advises on matters of custom and land<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Father Walter Hadye LINI (since
\n30 July 1980); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanua’aku Pati),
\nWalter Lini; Union of Moderate Parties, Maxine Carlot;
\nMelanesian Progressive Party, Barak Sope<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nParliament–last held 30 November 1987 (next to be held NA);
\nbyelections were held NA December 1988 to fill vacancies resulting from
\nthe expulsion of opposition members for boycotting sessions;
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(46 total) National Party 26, Union of Moderate Parties 19,
\nindependent 1<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
\nIMF, ITU, NAM, SPF, UN, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Vanuatu does not have a mission in
\nWashington;
\nUS–the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu<\/p>\n
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a
\nblack isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a
\nblack-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
\npoints of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
\ncentered in the triangle is a boar’s tusk encircling two crossed
\nnamele leaves, all in yellow<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming that
\nprovides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the
\nother mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has
\nno known petroleum deposits. A small light-industry sector caters to the local
\nmarket. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.<\/p>\n
GDP: $120 million, per capita $820; real growth rate 0.7% (1987 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.0% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $80.1 million; expenditures $86.6 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $27.1 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–copra 37%,
\ncocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%; partners–Netherlands 34%, France
\n27%, Japan 17%, Belgium 4%, New Caledonia 3%, Singapore 2% (1987)<\/p>\n
Imports: $58 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–machines and
\nvehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, raw materials and
\nfuels 11%, chemicals 6%;
\npartners–Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 5% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $57 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 20 million kWh produced,
\n125 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: food and fish freezing, forestry processing, meat canning<\/p>\n
Agriculture: export crops–copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; subsistence
\ncrops–copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $541 million<\/p>\n
Currency: vatu (plural–vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1–107.17 (January 1990), 116.04 (1989),
\n104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987), 106.08 (1986), 106.03 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: none<\/p>\n
Highways: 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads<\/p>\n
Ports: Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 885,668
\nGRT\/1,473,443 DWT; includes 26 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 5 container,
\n2 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
\n(POL) tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 21 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note–a flag
\nof convenience registry<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 33 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: stations–2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones;
\n1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: a paramilitary force is responsible for internal and external
\nsecurity; no military forces<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nVatican City
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 0.438 km2; land area: 0.438 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundary: 3.2 km with Italy<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with
\nhot, dry summers (May to September)<\/p>\n
Terrain: low hill<\/p>\n
Natural resources: none<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0%
\nforest and woodland; 100% other<\/p>\n
Environment: urban<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world’s smallest state;
\noutside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo
\n(the pope’s summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 774 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other nationalities<\/p>\n
Religion: Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other languages<\/p>\n
Literacy: 100%<\/p>\n
Labor force: about 1,500; Vatican City employees divided into three
\ncategories–executives, office workers, and salaried employees<\/p>\n
Organized labor: Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: State of the Vatican City; note–the Vatican City is the
\nphysical seat of the Holy See which is the central government of the Roman
\nCatholic Church<\/p>\n
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state<\/p>\n
Capital: Vatican City<\/p>\n
Independence: 11 February 1929 (from Italy)<\/p>\n
Constitution: Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968)<\/p>\n
National holiday: Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II),
\n22 October (1978); note–Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978<\/p>\n
Executive branch: pope<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Pontifical Commission<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: none; normally handled by Italy<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol
\nWOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: none<\/p>\n
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years old<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPope–last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of
\nthe current pope);
\nresults–Karol Wojtyla was elected for life by the College of Cardinals<\/p>\n
Communists: NA<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence
\nexercised by church officers)<\/p>\n
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, UPU,
\nWIPO, WTO; permanent observer status at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Pio LAGHI;
\n3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121;
\nUS–Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli,
\nVia Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794);
\ntelephone \u00d5396\u00e5 639-0558<\/p>\n
Flag: two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed
\nkeys of St. Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is supported financially by contributions (known as
\nPeter’s pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage
\nstamps, tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of
\npublications.<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $57 million; expenditures $113.7 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $NA (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 5,000 kW standby capacity (1989); power supplied by Italy<\/p>\n
Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and
\nstaff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities<\/p>\n
Currency: Vatican lira (plural–lire);
\n1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1–1,262.5 (January 1990),
\n1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985);
\nnote–the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome
\nstation of St. Peter’s)<\/p>\n
Highways: none; all city streets<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: stations–3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic
\ntelephone exchange; no communications satellite systems<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are
\nposted at entrances to the Vatican City
\n.pa
\nVenezuela
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 912,050 km2; land area: 882,050 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km,
\nGuyana 743 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 2,800 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 15 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: claims Essequibo area of Guyana; maritime boundary disputes with
\nColombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and with Trinidad and Tobago in the
\nGulf of Paria<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands<\/p>\n
Terrain: Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest;
\ncentral plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other
\nminerals, hydropower, diamonds<\/p>\n
Land use: 3% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 20% meadows and pastures;
\n39% forest and woodland; 37% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic
\ndroughts; increasing industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo<\/p>\n
Note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 19,698,104 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 28 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 4 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 1 migrant\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 27 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 77 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Venezuelan(s); adjective–Venezuelan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% black, 2% Indian<\/p>\n
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant<\/p>\n
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000
\nAmerindians in the remote interior<\/p>\n
Literacy: 85.6%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 5,800,000; 56% services, 28% industry, 16% agriculture (1985)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 32% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Venezuela<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Caracas<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 20 states (estados, singular–estado),
\n2 territories* (territorios, singular–territorio), 1 federal district**
\n(distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence*** (dependencia federal);
\nAmazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes,
\nDelta Amacuro*, Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon,
\nGuarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre,
\nTachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia; note–the federal dependence consists of
\n11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands<\/p>\n
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 23 January 1961<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative
\nacts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
\nconsists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or
\nChamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Carlos Andres
\nPEREZ (since 2 February 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI),
\nEduardo Fernandez, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD),
\nGonzalo Barrios, president, and Humberto Celli, secretary general;
\nMovement Toward Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, president, and
\nFreddy Munoz, secretary general<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18, though poorly enforced<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held
\nDecember 1993);
\nresults–Carlos Andres Perez (AD) 53%,
\nEduardo Fernandez (COPEI) 40%, others 7%;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 4 December 1988
\n(next to be held December 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, others 4;<\/p>\n
Chamber of Deputies–last held 4 December 1988
\n(next to be held December 1993);
\nresults–AD 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, others 14.6%;
\nseats–(201 total) AD 97, COPEI 67, MAS 18, others 19<\/p>\n
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative
\nbusiness group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers, the Democratic
\nAction-dominated labor organization<\/p>\n
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, Group of Eight, IADB, IAEA,
\nIBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
\nIMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, LAIA,
\nNAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI
\nBottaro; Chancery at 2445 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008;
\ntelephone (202) 797-3800; there are Venezuelan Consulates General in
\nBaltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York,
\nPhiladelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
\nUS–Ambassador-designate Eric JAVITS; Embassy at Avenida Francisco
\nde Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address
\nis P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO Miami 34037);
\ntelephone \u00d558\u00e5 (2) 284-6111 or 7111; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the
\ncoat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white
\nfive-pointed stars centered in the blue band<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted
\nfor 17% of GDP, 52% of central government revenues, and 81% of export
\nearnings in 1988. President Perez introduced an economic readjustment
\nprogram when he assumed office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and
\nprice supports, a free market exchange rate, and market-linked interest
\nrates have thrown the economy into confusion, causing about an 8%
\ndecline in GDP.<\/p>\n
GDP: $52.0 billion, per capita $2,700; real growth rate – 8.1%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80.7% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 7.0% (1988)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $8.4 billion; expenditures $8.6 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $5.9 billion (1989)<\/p>\n
Exports: $10.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–petroleum
\n81%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic manufactures;
\npartners–US 50.3%, FRG 5.3%, Japan 4.1% (1988)<\/p>\n
Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–foodstuffs,
\nchemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment;
\npartners–US 44%, FRG 8.5%, Japan 6%, Italy 5%, Brazil 4.4% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $33.6 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 3.7%, excluding oil (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 19,110,000 kW capacity; 54,516 million kWh produced,
\n2,830 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food
\nprocessing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 15% of labor force;
\nproducts–corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef,
\npork, milk, eggs, fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meat<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca for the
\ninternational drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities
\nof cocaine and marijuana do transit the country<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million;
\nCommunist countries (1970-88), $10 million<\/p>\n
Currency: bolivar (plural–bolivares);
\n1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1–43.42 (January 1990),
\n34.6815 (1989), 14.5000 (fixed rate 1987-88), 8.0833 (1986),
\n7.5000 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single
\ntrack, government owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned<\/p>\n
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km
\nearth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept
\noceangoing vessels<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km refined products;
\n4,010 km natural gas<\/p>\n
Ports: Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello,
\nPuerto Ordaz<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 70 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 997,458
\nGRT\/1,615,155 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 28 cargo,
\n2 container, 3 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
\ntanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 11 bulk, 1 vehicle carrier,
\n1 combination bulk, 1 combination ore\/oil<\/p>\n
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 306 total, 278 usable; 134 with permanent-surface
\nrunways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n92 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones;
\nstations–181 AM, no FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables;
\nsatellite earth stations–1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (Navy, Marines, Coast Guard),
\nAir Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard)<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,073,913; 3,680,176 fit for military
\nservice; 211,269 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 1.1% of GDP, or $570 million (1990 est.)
\n.pa
\nVietnam
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 329,560 km2; land area: 325,360<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km,
\nLaos 1,555 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with
\nCambodia are in dispute; maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined;
\noccupied Cambodia on 25 December 1978; sporadic border clashes with
\nChina; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
\nMalaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan; maritime boundary dispute with China
\nin the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by
\nVietnam and Taiwan<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
\n(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)<\/p>\n
Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands;
\nhilly, mountainous in far north and northwest<\/p>\n
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate,
\noffshore oil deposits, forests<\/p>\n
Land use: 22% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
\n40% forest and woodland; 35% other; includes 5% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive
\nflooding<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 66,170,889 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 30 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 1 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 50 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 66 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Vietnamese (sing. and pl.); adjective–Vietnamese<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic
\nminorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes<\/p>\n
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs,
\nIslamic, Protestant<\/p>\n
Language: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal
\nlanguages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 78%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 35,000,000 (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are
\nmembers of the Vietnam Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV<\/p>\n
Type: Communist state<\/p>\n
Capital: Hanoi<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 37 provinces (tinh, singular and plural),
\n3 municipalities* (thanh pho, singular and plural); An Giang,
\nBac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Tri Thien, Cao Bang, Cuu Long, Dac Lac, Dong Nai,
\nDong Thap, Gia Lai-Cong Tum, Ha Bac, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ha Nam Ninh,
\nHa Noi*, Ha Son Binh, Ha Tuyen, Hau Giang, Hoang Lien Son, Ho Chi Minh*,
\nKien Giang, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Long An, Minh Hai, Nghe Tinh,
\nNghia Binh, Phu Khanh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ninh, Song Be, Son La,
\nTay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thuan Hai, Tien Giang, Vinh Pu,
\nVung Tau-Con Dao; note–diacritical marks are not included; the number
\nof provinces may have been changed with the elimination of
\nBinh Tri Thien, Nghia Binh, and Phu Khanh and the addition of Binh Dinh,
\nKhanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Ngai, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien<\/p>\n
Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 18 December 1980<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: chairman of the Council of State, Council of State,
\nchairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Quoc Hoi)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme People’s Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Chairman of the Council of State Vo Chi CONG (since
\n18 June 1987);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Do MUOI
\n(since 22 June 1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party– Vietnam Communist Party
\n(VCP), Nguyen Van Linh<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nNational Assembly–last held 19 April 1987
\n(next to be held April 1992);
\nresults–VCP is the only party;
\nseats–(496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496<\/p>\n
Communists: nearly 2 million<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC,
\nIBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IRC, ITU, Mekong
\nCommittee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none<\/p>\n
Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: This is a centrally planned, developing economy with
\nextensive government ownership and control of productive facilities.
\nThe economy is primarily agricultural, employing about 65% of the labor
\nforce and accounting for almost half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop;
\nsubstantial amounts of maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are
\nalso grown. The government permits sale of surplus grain on the open
\nmarket. Most of the mineral resources are located in the north,
\nincluding coal, which is an important export item. Following the
\nend of the war in 1975, heavy handed government measures undermined
\nefforts at an efficient merger of the agricultural resources of the
\nsouth and the industrial resources of the north. The economy remains
\nheavily dependent on foreign aid and has received assistance from
\nCommunist countries, Sweden, and UN agencies. Inflation, although down
\nfrom recent triple-digit levels, is still a major weakness, and per
\ncapita output is among the world’s lowest. Since early 1989 the
\ngovernment has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more
\neconomic activity over to the private sector.<\/p>\n
GNP: $14.2 billion, per capita $215; real growth rate 8% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 25% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $4.3 billion, including
\ncapital expenditures of $528 million (1987 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–agricultural and
\nhandicraft products, coal, minerals, ores; partners–USSR, Eastern Europe,
\nJapan, Singapore<\/p>\n
Imports: $2.5 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–petroleum,
\nsteel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton,
\nfertilizer, grain; partners–USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore<\/p>\n
External debt: $16 billion (1989)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 2,465,000 kW capacity; 6,730 million kWh produced,
\n100 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining,
\ncement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up
\n50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas)
\nand animal products other 50%; not self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish
\ncatch of 900,000 metric tons (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion;
\nWestern (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
\n$2.7 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist
\ncountries (1970-88), $10.9 million<\/p>\n
Currency: new dong (plural–new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1–4,000 (March 1990),
\n900 (1988), 225 (1987), 18 (1986), 12 (1985); note–1985-89 figures
\nare end of year<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter
\nstandard gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to
\nservice<\/p>\n
Highways: about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km bituminous, 48,700 km gravel or
\nimproved earth, 26,900 km unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 150 km, refined products<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable
\nat all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draft<\/p>\n
Ports: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,123 GRT\/432,152
\nDWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 55 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo,
\n1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 8 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
\n(POL) tanker, 1 bulk; note–Vietnam owns 10 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over)
\ntotaling 111,028 DWT under the registry of Panama and Malta<\/p>\n
Civil air: controlled by military<\/p>\n
Airports: 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10
\nwith runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones in Ho Chi Minh City (1984);
\nstations–16 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers;
\nat least 2 satellite earth stations, including 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,707,629; 10,030,563 fit for military
\nservice; 787,444 reach military age (17) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 19.4% of GNP (1986 est.)
\n.pa
\nVirgin Islands
\n(territory of the US)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 352 km2; land area: 349 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 188 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 m;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low
\nhumidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land<\/p>\n
Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf<\/p>\n
Land use: 15% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 26% meadows and pastures;
\n6% forest and woodland; 47% other<\/p>\n
Environment: rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe
\ndroughts, floods, earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources<\/p>\n
Note: important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of
\nPuerto Rico, along the Anegada Passage–a key shipping lane for the Panama
\nCanal; St. Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the
\nCaribbean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 99,200 (July 1990), growth rate – 0.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 22 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 20 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Virgin Islander(s); adjective–Virgin Islander<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 74% West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29%
\nborn elsewhere in the West Indies), 13% US mainland, 5% Puerto Rican, 8% other;
\n80% black, 15% white, 5% other; 14% of Hispanic origin<\/p>\n
Religion: 42% Baptist, 34% Roman Catholic, 17% Episcopalian, 7% other<\/p>\n
Language: English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken<\/p>\n
Literacy: 90%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 45,000 (1987)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 90% of the government labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Virgin Islands of the United States<\/p>\n
Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by
\nthe Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the
\nInterior<\/p>\n
Capital: Charlotte Amalie<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (territory of the US)<\/p>\n
Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 serves as the
\nconstitution<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on US<\/p>\n
National holiday: Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Senate<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000,
\nfelonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial
\nCourt handles civil matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic,
\nmisdemeanors, and traffic cases<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President George
\nBUSH (since 20 January 1989), represented by Governor Alexander FARRELLY
\n(since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE (since 5 January 1987)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn Stapleton;
\nIndependent Citizens’ Movement (ICM), Virdin Brown; Republican Party,
\nCharlotte-Poole Davis<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens,
\nbut do not vote in US presidential elections<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nGovernor–last held NA 1986 (next to be held NA 1990);
\nresults–Alexander Farrelly (Democratic Party) defeated
\nAdelbert Bryan (ICM);<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held NA);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(15 total) number of seats by party NA;<\/p>\n
US House of Representatives–last held 8 November 1988
\n(next to be held 6 November 1990);
\nresults–the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US)<\/p>\n
Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the
\nlarge blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding
\nan olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed
\nshield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for
\nmore than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists
\nof textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants.
\nThe agricultural sector is small with most food imported. International
\nbusiness and financial services are a small but growing component of the
\neconomy. The world’s largest petroleum refinery is at St. Croix.<\/p>\n
GDP: $1.03 billion, per capita $9,030; real growth rate NA% (1985)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $315 million; expenditures $322 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of NA (FY88)<\/p>\n
Exports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); commodities–refined
\npetroleum products; partners–US, Puerto Rico<\/p>\n
Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1985); commodities–crude oil,
\nfoodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials; partners–US, Puerto Rico<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 12%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 341,000 kW capacity; 507 million kWh produced,
\n4,650 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: tourism, government service, petroleum refining, watch
\nassembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics<\/p>\n
Agriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum,
\nSenepol cattle<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $33.5 million<\/p>\n
Currency: US currency is used<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: US currency is used<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 856 km total<\/p>\n
Ports: St. Croix–Christiansted, Frederiksted; St. Thomas–Long Bay,
\nCrown Bay, Red Hook; St. John–Cruz Bay<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
\n1,220-2,439 m; international airports on St. Thomas and St. Croix<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 44,280 telephones; stations–4 AM, 6 FM, 3 TV;
\nmodern system using fiber optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and
\nsatellite facilities; 90,000 radio receivers; 56,000 television sets<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the US
\n.pa
\nWake Island
\n(territory of the US)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 6.5 km2; land area: 6.5 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 19.3 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 m;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical<\/p>\n
Terrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano;
\ncentral lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation
\nless than four meters<\/p>\n
Natural resources: none<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n0% forest and woodland; 100% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to occasional typhoons<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific
\nOcean, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana
\nIslands; emergency landing location for transpacific flights<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 195 (January 1990); no indigenous inhabitants;
\ntemporary population consists of 11 US Air Force personnel,
\n27 US civilians, and 151 Thai contractors<\/p>\n
Note: population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during
\nthe Vietnam conflict<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force
\n(under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972<\/p>\n
Flag: the US flag is used<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US
\nmilitary personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and
\nmanufactured goods must be imported.<\/p>\n
Communications
\nPorts: none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore
\nanchorages for large ships<\/p>\n
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,987 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: underwater cables to Guam and through Midway
\nto Honolulu; AFRTS radio and television service provided by satellite;
\nstations–1 AM, no FM, no TV<\/p>\n
Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only
\nby US military and some commercial cargo planes<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the US
\n.pa
\nWallis and Futuna
\n(overseas territory of France)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 274 km2; land area: 274 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 129 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool,
\ndry season (May to October)<\/p>\n
Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills<\/p>\n
Natural resources: negligible<\/p>\n
Land use: 5% arable land; 20% permanent crops;
\n0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest and woodland; 75% other<\/p>\n
Environment: both island groups have fringing reefs<\/p>\n
Note: located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean
\nabout two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 14,910 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 28 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 8 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 70 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna
\nIslanders; adjective–Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian<\/p>\n
Religion: largely Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands<\/p>\n
Type: overseas territory of France<\/p>\n
Capital: Mata-Utu<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (overseas territory of France)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)<\/p>\n
Legal system: French<\/p>\n
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: French president, high administrator; note–there are
\nthree traditional kings with limited powers<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly
\n(Assemblee Territoriale)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French
\nlaw by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings
\nadminister customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Francois MITTERRAND
\n(since 21 May 1981);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Chief Administrator Roger DUMEC
\n(since 15 July 1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR);
\nUnion Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise
\n(UDF)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nTerritorial Assembly–last held 15 March 1987
\n(next to be held March 1992);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(20 total) RPR 7, UDF coalition 7, UPL 6;<\/p>\n
French Senate–last held NA (next to be held NA);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(1 total) party of the representative is NA;<\/p>\n
French National Assembly–last held NA (next to be held NA);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(1 total) RPR 1<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France, local
\ninterests are represented in the US by France<\/p>\n
Flag: the flag of France is used<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is limited to subsistence agriculture.
\nThe majority of the labor force earns its livelihood from agriculture,
\nraising livestock, and fishing, with the rest employed by the government sector.
\nExports are negligible. The Territory has to import food, fuel, and construction
\nmaterials, and is dependent on budgetary support from France to meet recurring
\nexpenses. The economy also benefits from cash remittances from expatriate
\nworkers.<\/p>\n
GDP: $6.7 million, per capita $484; real growth rate NA% (est. 1985)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
\n$NA<\/p>\n
Exports: $NA; commodities–copra; partners–NA<\/p>\n
Imports: $3.4 million (c.i.f., 1977); commodities–largely
\nfoodstuffs and some equipment associated with development programs;
\npartners–France, Australia, New Zealand<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced,
\n70 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber<\/p>\n
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of
\nyams, taro, bananas<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $118 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural–francs);
\n1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per
\nUS$1–104.71 (January 1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987),
\n125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note–linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French
\nfranc<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: NA<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 100 km on Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), 16 km sealed;
\n20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna (Futuna Island)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: none<\/p>\n
Ports: Mata-Utu, Leava<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 225 telephones; stations–1 AM, no FM, no TV<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of France
\n.pa
\nWest Bank
\nNote: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with
\nIsrael in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan
\nHeights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President
\nReagan’s 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West
\nBank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace
\ntreaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned
\nparties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the
\nrespective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy
\nthat the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be
\ndetermined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank describes all of the
\narea west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before the 1967
\nArab-Israeli war. However, with respect to negotiations envisaged in the
\nframework agreement, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between
\nJerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city’s special status
\nand circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of
\nJerusalem could be different in character from that of the rest of the West
\nBank.<\/p>\n
Geography
\nTotal area: 5,860 km2; land area: 5,640 km2; includes West Bank,
\nEast Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man’s Land, and the northwest
\nquarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km;<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determined<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude,
\nwarm to hot summers, cool to mild winters<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but
\nbarren in east<\/p>\n
Natural resources: negligible<\/p>\n
Land use: 27% arable land, 0% permanent crops, 32% meadows and pastures,
\n1% forest and woodland, 40% other<\/p>\n
Environment: highlands are main recharge area for Israel’s coastal
\naquifers<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked; there are 173 Jewish settlements in the West Bank
\nand 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 1,058,122 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990);
\nin addition, there are 70,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and
\n110,000 in East Jerusalem (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 37 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 5 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 68 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: NA<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 88% Palestinian Arab and other, 12% Jewish<\/p>\n
Religion: 80% Muslim (predominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 8% Christian
\nand other<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers–29.8% small industry,
\ncommerce, and business, 24.2% construction, 22.4% agriculture, 23.6% service
\nand other (1984)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Note: The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities
\nand Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the
\nWest Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties.
\nThese negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed.<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli
\nmilitary occupation and the effects of the Palestinian uprising. Industries
\nusing advanced technology or requiring sizable financial resources have been
\ndiscouraged by a lack of financial resources and Israeli policy. Capital
\ninvestment has largely gone into residential housing, not into productive assets
\nthat could compete with Israeli industry. A major share of GNP is derived from
\nremittances of workers employed in Israel and neighboring Gulf states. Israeli
\nreprisals against Palestinian unrest in the West Bank since 1987 have pushed
\nunemployment up and lowered living standards.<\/p>\n
GNP: $1.0 billion, per capita $1,000; real growth rate – 15% (1988
\nest.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $47.4 million; expenditures $45.7 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of NA (FY86)<\/p>\n
Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–NA;
\npartners–Jordan, Israel<\/p>\n
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities–NA;
\npartners–Jordan, Israel<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: power supplied by Israel<\/p>\n
Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement,
\ntextiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis
\nhave established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and
\nindustrial centers<\/p>\n
Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef,
\nand dairy products<\/p>\n
Aid: none<\/p>\n
Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural–shekels) and Jordanian dinar
\n(plural–dinars); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian
\ndinar (JD) = 1,000 fils<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1–1.9450 (January
\n1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5992 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788
\n(1985); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1–0.6557 (January 1990), 0.5704 (1989),
\n0.3715 (1988), 0.3387 (1987), 0.3499 (1986), 0.3940 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: small indigenous road network, Israelis developing east-west
\naxial highways<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded;
\nstations–no AM, no FM, no TV<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: NA<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nWestern Sahara
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 266,000 km2; land area: 266,000 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km,
\nMorocco 443 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,110 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue<\/p>\n
Disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is
\nunresolved and guerrilla fighting continues in the area<\/p>\n
Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents
\nproduce fog and heavy dew<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or
\nsandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast<\/p>\n
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore<\/p>\n
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
\n0% forest and woodland; 81% other<\/p>\n
Environment: hot, dry, dust\/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during
\nwinter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely
\nrestricting visibility; sparse water and arable land<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 191,707 (July 1990), growth rate 2.7% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 48 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 23 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 2 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 177 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 39 years male, 41 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective–Saharan, Moroccan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber<\/p>\n
Religion: Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic<\/p>\n
Literacy: 20% among Moroccans, 5% among Saharans (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved;
\nterritory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the
\nLiberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro); territory partitioned between
\nMorocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern
\ntwo-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all
\nclaims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector
\nshortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the
\nPolisario’s government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla
\nactivities continue to the present<\/p>\n
Capital: none<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco)<\/p>\n
Leaders: none<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources
\nand having little rainfall, has a per capita GDP of just a few hundred
\ndollars. Fishing and phosphate mining are the principal industries and
\nsources of income. Most of the food for the urban population must be
\nimported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the
\nMoroccan Government.<\/p>\n
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of
\n$NA<\/p>\n
Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.);
\ncommodities–phosphates 62%; partners–Morocco claims and
\nadministers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall
\nMoroccan accounts<\/p>\n
Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.); commodities–fuel for
\nfishing fleet, foodstuffs; partners–Morocco claims and administers
\nWestern Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced,
\n425 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: phosphate, fishing, handicrafts<\/p>\n
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years;
\nfruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential;
\ncamels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
\nlargely for the garrison forces<\/p>\n
Aid: NA<\/p>\n
Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural–dirhams);
\n1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1–8.093 (January 1990),
\n8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987), 9.104 (1986), 10.062 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: NA<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 6,100 km total; 1,350 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and
\nunimproved earth roads and tracks<\/p>\n
Ports: El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla<\/p>\n
Airports: 16 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco’s system
\nby radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth
\nstations linked to Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; stations–2 AM, no FM, 2 TV<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: NA<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nWestern Samoa
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 2,860 km2; land area: 2,850 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 403 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season
\n(May to October)<\/p>\n
Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged
\nmountains in interior<\/p>\n
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish<\/p>\n
Land use: 19% arable land; 24% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
\npastures; 47% forest and woodland; 10% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism<\/p>\n
Note: located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific
\nOcean about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 186,031 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 34 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 5 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 69 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Western Samoan(s); adjective–Western Samoan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 7% Euronesians (persons of European
\nand Polynesian blood), 0.4% Europeans<\/p>\n
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the
\nLondon Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist,
\nLatter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)<\/p>\n
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English<\/p>\n
Literacy: 90%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 37,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1983 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: Public Service Association (PSA)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Independent State of Western Samoa<\/p>\n
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief<\/p>\n
Capital: Apia<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 11 districts; Aana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua,
\nFaasaleleaga, Gagaemauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupaitea, Tuamasaga,
\nVaa-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered
\nby New Zealand)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 1 January 1962<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial
\nreview of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen;
\nhas not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 1 June<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State
\nfrom 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April
\n1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP),
\nTofilau Eti, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), Tupua
\nTamasese Efi, chairman<\/p>\n
Suffrage: there are two electoral rolls–the matai (head of family)
\nroll and the individuals roll; about 12,000 persons are on the matai roll,
\nhold matai titles, and elect 45 members of the Legislative Assembly; about
\n1,600 persons are on the individuals roll, lack traditional matai ties, and
\nelect two members of the Legislative Assembly by universal adult suffrage
\nat the age of NA<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nLegislative Assembly–last held 26 February 1988
\n(next to be held by February 1991);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(47 total) HRPP 25, SNDP 22<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
\nIFAD, IFC, IMF, SPC, SPF, UN, UNESCO, WHO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe
\nWENDT; Chancery (temporary) at the Western Samoan Mission to the UN,
\n820 2nd Avenue, New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6196;
\nUS–the ambassador to New Zealand is accredited to Western Samoa<\/p>\n
Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing
\nfive white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force, contributes
\n50% to GDP, and is the source of 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings
\ncomes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends
\non emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports about
\nfive times export earnings. Tourism has become the most important
\ngrowth industry, and construction of the first international hotel is under way.<\/p>\n
GDP: $112 million, per capita $615; real growth rate 0.2%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.5% (1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%; shortage of skilled labor<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $54 million; expenditures $54 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $28 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $9.9 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–coconut oil
\nand cream 42%, taro 19%, cocoa 14%, copra, timber;
\npartners–NZ 30%, EC 24%, Australia 21%, American Samoa 7%,
\nUS 9% (1987)<\/p>\n
Imports: $51.8 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–intermediate
\ngoods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%; partners–New Zealand 31%,
\nAustralia 20%, Japan 15%, Fiji 15%, US 5%, EC 4% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $75 million (December 1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 4.0% (1987)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 35 million kWh produced,
\n190 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams)<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $16 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $261
\nmillion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million<\/p>\n
Currency: tala (plural–tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1–2.2857 (January 1990), 2.2686
\n(1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987), 2.2351 (1986), 2.2437 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel,
\ncrushed stone, or earth<\/p>\n
Ports: Apia<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,930 GRT\/34,135
\nDWT; includes 2 container, 1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo<\/p>\n
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\nnone with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radio receivers;
\nstations–1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: NA<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nWorld
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 510,072,000 km2; 361,132,000 km2 (70.8%) is water and
\n148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) is land<\/p>\n
Comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 442,000 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 359,000 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: generally 24 nm, but varies from 4 nm to 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: generally 200 nm, but some are 200 meters
\nin depth;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: most are 200 nm, but varies from
\n12 nm to 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm, only Madagascar claims 150 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: generally 12 nm, but varies from 3 nm to 200 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: 13 international land boundary disputes–Argentina-Uruguay,
\nBangladesh-India, Brazil-Paraguay, Brazil-Uruguay, Cambodia-Vietnam,
\nChina-India, China-USSR, Ecuador-Peru, El Salvador-Honduras,
\nFrench Guiana-Suriname, Guyana-Suriname, Guyana-Venezuela, Qatar-UAE<\/p>\n
Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow
\ntemperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates<\/p>\n
Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest
\nelevation is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth
\nis the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters<\/p>\n
Natural resources: the oceans represent the last major frontier for the
\ndiscovery and development of natural resources<\/p>\n
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 24% meadows and
\npastures; 31% forest and woodland; 34% other; includes 1.6% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones),
\nnatural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions),
\nindustrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances),
\nloss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
\nwildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 5,316,644,000 (July 1990), growth rate 1.7% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 27 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 70 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 77% men; 66% women (1980)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,939,000,000 (1984)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nAdministrative divisions: 248 nations, dependent areas, and other
\nentities<\/p>\n
Legal system: varies among each of the entities; 162 are parties to the
\nUnited Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: there are 159 members of the UN<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: In 1989 the World economy grew at an estimated 3.0%,
\nsomewhat lower than the estimated 3.4% for 1988. The technologically advanced
\nareas–North America, Japan, and Western Europe–together account for
\n65% of the gross world product (GWP) of $20.3 trillion; these developed
\nareas grew in the aggregate at 3.5%. In contrast, the Communist (Second
\nWorld) countries typically grew at between 0% and 2%, accounting for 23% of GWP.
\nExperience in the developing countries continued mixed, with the newly
\nindustrializing countries generally maintaining their rapid growth, and many
\nothers struggling with debt, inflation, and inadequate investment. The year
\n1989 ended with remarkable political upheavals in the Communist
\ncountries, which presumably will dislocate economic production still further.
\nThe addition of nearly 100 million people a year to an already overcrowded
\nglobe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, desertification,
\nunderemployment, and poverty throughout the 1990s.<\/p>\n
GWP (gross world product): $20.3 trillion, per capita $3,870; real growth
\nrate 3.0% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5%, developed countries; 100%,
\ndeveloping countries with wide variations (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Exports: $2,694 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–NA;
\npartners–in value, about 70% of exports from industrial countries<\/p>\n
Imports: $2,750 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–NA;
\npartners–in value, about 75% of imports by the industrial countries<\/p>\n
External debt: $1,008 billion for less developed countries (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 2,838,680,000 kW capacity; 11,222,029 million kWh produced,
\n2,140 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: chemicals, energy, machinery, electronics, metals, mining,
\ntextiles, food processing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: cereals (wheat, maize, rice), sugar, livestock products,
\ntropical crops, fruit, vegetables, fish<\/p>\n
Aid: NA<\/p>\n
Communications
\nPorts: Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe,
\nMarseille, New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of
\ntechnology<\/p>\n
Military manpower: 29.15 million persons in the defense forces
\nof the World (1987)<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 5.4% of GWP, or $1.1 trillion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nYemen Arab Republic
\n\u00d5Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen\u00e5
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 195,000 km2; land area: 195,000 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,209 km total; Saudi Arabia 628 km, PDRY 581 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 523 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: sections of the boundary with PDRY are indefinite or
\nundefined; undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia<\/p>\n
Climate: desert; hot and humid along coast; temperate in central
\nmountains; harsh desert in east<\/p>\n
Terrain: narrow coastal plain (Tihama); western mountains; flat
\ndissected plain in center sloping into desert interior of Arabian Peninsula<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal,
\nnickel, and copper; fertile soil<\/p>\n
Land use: 14% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 36% meadows and
\npastures; 8% forest and woodland; 42% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to sand and dust storms in summer;
\novergrazing; soil erosion; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: controls northern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking Red Sea
\nand Gulf of Aden, one of world’s most active shipping lanes<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 7,160,981 (July 1990), growth rate 3.1% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 52 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 17 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 4 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 129 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 48 years male, 49 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Yemeni(s); adjective–Yemeni<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)<\/p>\n
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shia)<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic<\/p>\n
Literacy: 15% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture and herding, 30% expatriate laborers
\n(est.)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Yemen Arab Republic; abbreviated YAR<\/p>\n
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974<\/p>\n
Capital: Sanaa<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 11 governorates (muhafazat,
\nsingular–muhafazah); Al Bayda, Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf,
\nAl Mahwit, Dhamar, Hajjah, Ibb, Marib, Sadah, Sana,
\nTaizz<\/p>\n
Independence: November 1918 (from Ottoman Empire)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 28 December 1970, suspended 19 June 1974<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law;
\nhas not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 26 September (1962)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
\nfour deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Consultative Assembly
\n(Majlis ash-Shura)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: State Security Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Col. Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 18 July
\n1978); Vice President (vacant);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Abd al-Aziz ABD AL-GHANI
\n(since 12 November 1983, previously prime minister from 1975-1980 and
\nco-Vice President from October 1980 to November 1983)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: no legal political parties; in 1983
\nPresident Salih started the General People’s Congress, which is designed
\nto function as the country’s sole political party<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nConsultative Assembly–last held 5 July 1988 (next to be held NA);
\nresults–percent of vote NA;
\nseats–(159 total, 128 elected)<\/p>\n
Communists: small number<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups,
\nMuslim Brotherhood, leftist factions–pro-Iraqi Bathists,
\nNasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) supported by the PDRY<\/p>\n
Member of: ACC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
\nINTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Mohsin A. al-AINI; Chancery at
\nSuite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
\ntelephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is a Yemeni Consulate General in
\nDetroit and a Consulate in San Francisco;
\nUS–Ambassador Charles F. DUNBAR; Embassy at address NA, Sanaa (mailing
\naddress is P. O. Box 1088, Sanaa); telephone \u00d5967\u00e5 (2) 271950 through 271958<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
\nlarge green five-pointed star centered in the white band; similar to the flags
\nof Iraq, which has three stars, and Syria, which has two stars–all green and
\nfive-pointed in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to
\nthe flag of Egypt, which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The low level of domestic industry and agriculture make North
\nYemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade
\ndeficits are made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and foreign
\naid. Once self-sufficient in food production, the YAR is now a major importer.
\nLand once used for export crops–cotton, fruit, and vegetables–has been turned
\nover to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by Yemenis that has no
\nsignificant export market. Oil export revenues started flowing in late 1987
\nand boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million.<\/p>\n
GDP: $5.5 billion, per capita $820; real growth rate 19.7% (1988
\nest.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 16.9% (1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 13% (1986)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $1.32 billion; expenditures $2.18 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $588 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $853 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–crude oil,
\ncotton, coffee, hides, vegetables; partners–US 41%, PDRY 14%, Japan 12%<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–textiles and
\nother manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour,
\nother foodstuffs, and cement; partners–Italy 10%, Saudi Arabia 9%,
\nUS 9.3%, Japan 9%, UK 8% (1985)<\/p>\n
External debt: $3.5 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 415,000 kW capacity; 500 million kWh produced,
\n70 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: crude oil production, small-scale production of cotton
\ntextiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; small
\naluminum products factory; cement<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm
\nproducts–grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee,
\ncotton, dairy, poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-88), $354 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.4 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$248 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Yemeni riyal (plural–riyals); 1 Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1–9.7600 (January 1990),
\n9.7600 (1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987), 9.6392 (1986), 7.3633 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 4,500 km; 2,000 km bituminous, 500 km crushed stone and
\ngravel, 2,000 km earth, sand, and light gravel (est.)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: crude oil, 424 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Al Hudaydah, Al Mukha, Salif, Ras al Katib<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
\n(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 192,679 GRT\/40,640 DWT<\/p>\n
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 19 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: system poor but improving; new radio relay and cable
\nnetworks; 50,000 telephones; stations–3 AM, no FM, 17 TV; satellite earth
\nstations–1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT;
\ntropospheric scatter to PDRY; radio relay to PDRY, Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,289,217; 734,403 fit for military
\nservice; 79,609 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: $358 million (1987)
\n.pa
\nYemen, People’s Democratic Republic of
\n\u00d5Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen\u00e5
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 332,970 km2; land area: 332,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 1,699 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 830 km,
\nYAR 581 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,383 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: sections of boundary with YAR indefinite or undefined;
\nAdministrative Line with Oman; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia<\/p>\n
Climate: desert; extraordinarily hot and dry<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly upland desert plains; narrow, flat, sandy coastal
\nplain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, oil, minerals (gold, copper, lead)<\/p>\n
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 27% meadows and pastures;
\n7% forest and woodland; 65% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: scarcity of natural freshwater resources; overgrazing;
\nsoil erosion; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: controls southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking
\nRed Sea to Gulf of Aden, one of world’s most active shipping lanes<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 2,585,484 (July 1990), growth rate 3.2% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 48 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 14 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 2 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Yemeni(s); adjective–Yemeni<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans<\/p>\n
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic<\/p>\n
Literacy: 25%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 477,000; 45.2% agriculture, 21.2% services,
\n13.4% construction, 10.6% industry, 9.6% commerce and other (1983)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 348,200; the General Confederation of Workers of the
\nPeople’s Democratic Republic of Yemen has 35,000 members<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen; abbreviated PDRY<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Aden<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 6 governorates (muhafazat,
\nsingular–muhafazah); Abyan, Adan, Al Mahrah, Hadramawt, Lahij,
\nShabwah<\/p>\n
Independence: 30 November 1967 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 31 October 1978<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English
\ncommon law (for commercial matters)<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 14 October<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers,
\nCouncil of Ministers<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Supreme People’s Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Federal High Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Haydar Abu Bakr al-ATTAS
\n(since 8 February 1986);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister)
\nDr. Yasin Said NUMAN (since 8 February 1986); Deputy Prime Minister
\nSalih Abu Bakr bin HUSAYNUN (since 8 February 1986); Deputy Prime Minister
\nSalih Munassir al-SIYAYLI (since 8 February 1986)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–Yemeni Socialist Party
\n(YSP) is a coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nSupreme People’s Council–last held 28-30 October 1986
\n(next to be held NA);
\nresults–YSP is the only party;
\nseats–(111 total) YSP or YSP approved 111<\/p>\n
Communists: NA<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: NA<\/p>\n
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
\nUPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none; the UK acts as the protecting
\npower for the US in the PDRY<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a
\nlight blue, isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red
\nfive-pointed star<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The PDRY is one of the poorest Arab countries, with a
\nper capita GNP of about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely
\ndispersed population, and an arid climate make economic development
\ndifficult. The economy has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3%
\nsince the mid-1970s. The economy is organized along socialist lines,
\ndominated by the public sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a
\nlack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production
\ndecisions, investment allocation, and import choices.<\/p>\n
GNP: $1.2 billion, per capita $495; real growth rate 5.2% (1988
\nest.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1987)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $429 million; expenditures $976 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $402 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $82.2 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–cotton,
\nhides, skins, dried and salted fish; partners–Japan, YAR, Singapore<\/p>\n
Imports: $598.0 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–grain,
\nconsumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals; partners–USSR,
\nAustralia, UK<\/p>\n
External debt: $2.25 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 600 million kWh produced,
\n240 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: petroleum refinery (operates on imported crude oil); fish<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 13% of GNP and 45% of labor force;
\nproducts–grain, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock;
\nfish and honey major exports; most food imported<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $4.5 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $241 million;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $279 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$2.2 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: Yemeni dinar (plural–dinars); 1 Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1–0.3454 (fixed rate)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 11,000 km; 2,000 km bituminous, 9,000 km natural
\nsurface (est.)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Aden, Al Khalf, Nishtun<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
\n4,309 GRT\/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
\n(POL) tanker<\/p>\n
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 42 total, 29 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire, radio relay, multiconductor
\ncable, and radio communications stations; 15,000 telephones (est.);
\nstations–1 AM, no FM, 5 TV; satellite earth stations–1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
\n1 Intersputnik, 1 ARABSAT; radio relay and tropospheric scatter to YAR<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People’s Militia, People’s Police<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 544,190; 307,005 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nYugoslavia
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km,
\nBulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania
\n546 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands)<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria
\nand Greece<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy
\nwinters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography;
\nplain in north<\/p>\n
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony,
\nchromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel,
\nuranium<\/p>\n
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
\n36% forest and woodland; 8% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes<\/p>\n
Note: controls the most important land routes from
\ncentral and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 23,841,608 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 15 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Yugoslav(s); adjective–Yugoslav<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 36.3% Serb, 19.7% Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7%
\nAlbanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 3.9%
\nother (1981 census)<\/p>\n
Religion: 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30% Roman Catholic, 9% Muslim,
\n1% Protestant, 10% other<\/p>\n
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official);
\nAlbanian, Hungarian<\/p>\n
Literacy: 90.5%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 9,600,000; 22% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing;
\nabout 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 6,200,000 members in the Confederation of Trade Unions of
\nYugoslavia (SSJ)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;
\nabbreviated SFRY<\/p>\n
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form<\/p>\n
Capital: Belgrade<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 6 socialist republics (socijalisticke
\nrepublike, singular–socijalisticka republika); Bosna I Hercegovina,
\nCrna Gora, Hrvatska, Makedonija, Slovenija, Srbija; note–there are two
\nautonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular–autonomna pokajina)
\nnamed Kosovo and Vojvodina within Srbija<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established
\nfrom the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire,
\nand the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945<\/p>\n
Constitution: 21 February 1974<\/p>\n
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory;
\nhas not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of
\nYugoslavia, 29 November (1945)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president of the Collective State Presidency,
\nvice president of the Collective State Presidency, Collective State Presidency,
\npresident of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal
\nExecutive Council, Federal Executive Council<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Savezna Skupstina)
\nconsists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces
\nand a lower chamber or Federal Chamber<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State President of the Collective State Presidency
\nBorisav JOVIC (from Srbija; one-year term expires 15 May 1991);
\nVice President of the Collective State Presidency–Stipe SUVAR (from
\nHrvatska; one-year term expires 15 May 1991); note–the offices of
\npresident and vice president rotate annually among members of the
\nCollective State Presidency with the current vice president assuming the
\npresidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the
\nlongest without filling the position (the current sequence is
\nSrbija, Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i
\nHercegovina, and Slovenija);<\/p>\n
Head of Government President of the Federal Executive Council
\nAnte MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal
\nExecutive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989);
\nVice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL
\n(since 16 March 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: there are about 90 political
\nparties operating country-wide including the League of Communists
\nof Yugoslavia (LCY)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections: direct national elections probably will be held in
\nlate 1990<\/p>\n
Communists: 2,079,013 party members (1988)<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People
\nof Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization; Confederation of
\nTrade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist Youth of Yugoslavia,
\nFederation of Veterans’ Associations of Yugoslavia (SUBNOR)<\/p>\n
Member of: ASSIMER, CCC, CEMA (observer but participates in certain
\ncommissions), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
\nIDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF, IMO,
\nINTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities),
\nUN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at
\n2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-6566;
\nthere are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York,
\nPittsburgh, and San Francisco;
\nUS–Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; Embassy at Kneza Milosa 50, Belgrade;
\ntelephone \u00d538\u00e5 (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a
\nlarge red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all
\nthree bands<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Tito’s reform programs 20 years ago changed the Stalinist
\ncommand economy to a decentralized semimarket system but a system that
\nthe rigid, ethnically divided political structure ultimately could not
\naccommodate. A prominent feature of the reforms was the establishment
\nof workers’ self-management councils in all large plants, which were to
\nselect managers, stimulate production, and divide the proceeds. The
\ngeneral result of these reforms has been rampant wage-price inflation,
\nsubstantial rundown of capital plant, consumer shortages, and a still
\nlarger income gap between the poorer southern regions and the relatively
\naffluent northern provinces of Hrvatska and Slovenija. In 1988-89 the
\nbeleaguered central government has been reforming the reforms, trying
\nto create an open market economy with still considerable state
\nownership of major industrial plants. These reforms have been moving
\nforward with the advice and support of the International Monetary Fund
\nthrough a series of tough negotiations. Self-management supposedly is
\nto be replaced by the discipline of the market and by fiscal austerity,
\nultimately leading to a stable dinar. However, strikes in major plants,
\nhyperinflation, and interregional political jousting have held back
\nprogress. According to US economic advisers, only a highly unlikely
\ncombination of genuine privatization, massive Western economic
\ninvestment and aid, and political moderation can salvage this economy.<\/p>\n
GNP: $129.5 billion, per capita $5,464; real growth rate – 1.0%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,700% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 15% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including
\ncapital expenditures of $NA (1990)<\/p>\n
Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–<\/p>\n
