Pakistan
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 803,940 km2; land area: 778,720 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of California<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 6,774 km total; Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km,
\nIndia 2,912 km, Iran 909 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,046 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: boundary with India; Pashtun question with Afghanistan; Baloch
\nquestion with Afghanistan and Iran; water sharing problems with upstream
\nriparian India over the Indus<\/p>\n
Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
\nnorth<\/p>\n
Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
\nBalochistan plateau in west<\/p>\n
Natural resources: land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited
\ncrude oil, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone<\/p>\n
Land use: 26% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
\npastures; 4% forest and woodland; 64% other; includes 19% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in
\nnorth and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August);
\ndeforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water logging<\/p>\n
Note: controls Khyber Pass and Malakand Pass, traditional
\ninvasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 114,649,406 (July 1990), growth rate 2.2% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 43 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 14 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 6 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 57 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Pakistani(s); adjective–Pakistani<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch,
\nMuhajir (immigrants from India and their descendents)<\/p>\n
Religion: 97% Muslim (77% Sunni, 20% Shia), 3% Christian, Hindu, and
\nother<\/p>\n
Language: Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages–64%
\nPunjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pashtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Balochi and other; English is
\nlingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries, but
\nofficial policies are promoting its gradual replacement by Urdu<\/p>\n
Literacy: 26%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 28,900,000; 54% agriculture, 13% mining and manufacturing,
\n33% services; extensive export of labor (1987 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 10% of industrial work force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan<\/p>\n
Type: parliamentary with strong executive, federal republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Islamabad<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces, 1 tribal area*, and 1 territory**;
\nBalochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad
\nCapital Territory**, North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh; note–the
\nPakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region
\nincludes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas<\/p>\n
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK; formerly West Pakistan)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977,
\nrestored 30 December 1985<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law with provisions to accommodate
\nPakistan’s stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ
\njurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Pakistan Day (proclamation of the republic),
\n23 March (1956)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Legislature (Mijlis-e-Shoora)
\nconsists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or National Assembly<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shariat) Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President GHULAM ISHAQ Khan (since 13 December 1988);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO (since 2 December 1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders:
\nPakistan People’s Party (PPP), Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto;
\nPakistan Muslim League (PML), former Prime Minister Mohammed Khan Junejo;
\nPML is the main party in the anti-PPP Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA);
\nMuhajir Quami Movement, Altaf Hussain; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam
\n(JUI), Fazlur Rahman; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Qazi Hussain Ahmed;
\nAwami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul Wali Khan<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held on 12 December 1988 (next to be held
\nDecember 1993); results–Ghulam Ishaq Khan was elected by the Federal
\nLegislature;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1990);
\nresults–elected by provincial assemblies;
\nseats–(87 total) PML 84, PPP 2, independent 1;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held on 16 November 1988 (next to be held
\nNovember 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(237 total) PPP 109, IJI 65, MQM 14, JUI 8, PAI 3, ANP 3, BNA 3,
\nothers 3, independents 29<\/p>\n
Communists: the Communist party is no longer outlawed and operates
\nopenly<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: military remains dominant political
\nforce; ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small merchants also influential<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
\nICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
\nINTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC,
\nSAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Zulfikar ALI KHAN; Chancery at
\n2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6200;
\nthere is a Pakistani Consulate General in New York;
\nUS–Ambassador Robert B. OAKLEY; Embassy at Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5,
\nIslamabad (mailing address is P. O. Box 1048, Islamabad);
\ntelephone \u00d592\u00e5 (51) 8261-61 through 79; there are US Consulates General
\nin Karachi and Lahore, and a Consulate in Peshawar<\/p>\n
Flag: green with a vertical white band on the hoist side; a large white
\ncrescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
\ngreen are traditional symbols of Islam<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual
\nproblems of rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits,
\nand heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support a
\nlarge military establishment and provide for the needs of 4 million Afghan
\nrefugees. A real economic growth rate averaging 5-6% in recent years has enabled
\nthe country to cope with these problems. Almost all agriculture and small-scale
\nindustry is in private hands, and the government seeks to privatize a portion
\nof the large-scale industrial enterprises now publicly owned. In
\nDecember 1988, Pakistan signed a three-year economic reform agreement
\nwith the IMF, which provides for a reduction in the government deficit
\nand a liberalization of trade in return for further IMF financial
\nsupport. The so-called Islamization of the economy has affected mainly the
\nfinancial sector; for example, a prohibition on certain types of interest
\npayments. Pakistan almost certainly will make little headway against its
\npopulation problem; at the current rate of growth, population would
\ndouble in 32 years.<\/p>\n
GNP: $43.2 billion, per capita $409; real growth rate 5.1% (FY89)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (FY89)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 4% (FY89 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $7.5 billion; expenditures $10.3 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $2.3 billion (FY89 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities–rice, cotton,
\ntextiles, clothing; partners–EC 31%, US 11%, Japan 11% (FY88)<\/p>\n
Imports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities–petroleum,
\npetroleum products, machinery, transportation, equipment, vegetable oils,
\nanimal fats, chemicals; partners–EC 26%, Japan 15%, US 11% (FY88)<\/p>\n
External debt: $17.4 billion (1989)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 3% (FY89)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 7,575,000 kW capacity; 29,300 million kWh produced,
\n270 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, petroleum products,
\nconstruction materials, clothing, paper products, international finance, shrimp<\/p>\n
Agriculture: 24% of GNP, over 50% of labor force; world’s largest
\ncontiguous irrigation system; major crops–cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,
\nfruits, and vegetables; livestock products–milk, beef, mutton, eggs;
\nself-sufficient in food grain<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the
\ninternational drug trade; government eradication efforts on poppy cultivation
\nof limited success; 1988 output of opium and hashish each estimated at about
\n200 metric tons<\/p>\n
Aid: (including Bangladesh before 1972) US commitments, including Ex-Im
\n(FY70-88), $4.2 billion authorized (excluding what is now Bangladesh); Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-87), $7.5 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$2.9 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: Pakistani rupee (plural–rupees);
\n1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1–21.420 (January 1990),
\n20.541 (1989), 18.003 (1988), 17.399 (1987), 16.648 (1986), 15.928 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km meter
\ngauge, and 610 km narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km
\nelectrified; all government owned (1985)<\/p>\n
Highways: 101,315 km total (1987); 40,155 km paved, 23,000 km gravel,
\n29,000 km improved earth, and 9,160 km unimproved earth or sand tracks
\n(1985)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 4,044 km natural gas; 885 km refined products
\n(1987)<\/p>\n
Ports: Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 338,173
\nGRT\/508,107 DWT; includes 4 passenger-cargo, 24 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils,
\nand lubricants (POL) tanker<\/p>\n
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 115 total, 102 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways; 1
\nwith runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: good international radiocommunication service over
\nmicrowave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radio communications poor; broadcast
\nservice good; 564,500 telephones (1987); stations–16 AM, 8 FM, 16;
\nsatellite eath station–1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 26,215,898; 16,080,545 fit for military
\nservice; 1,282,294 reach military age (17) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 5.6% of GNP, or $2.4 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nPalmyra Atoll
\n(territory of the US)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 11.9 km2; land area: 11.9 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 14.5 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 m;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: equatorial, hot, and very rainy<\/p>\n
Terrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters<\/p>\n
Natural resources: none<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n100% forest and woodland; 0% other<\/p>\n
Environment: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation,
\ncoconut trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall<\/p>\n
Note: located 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu in the North Pacific
\nOcean, almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: uninhabited<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: unincorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but
\nadministered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs,
\nUS Department of the Interior<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: no economic activity<\/p>\n
Communications
\nPorts: none; offshore anchorage in West Lagoon<\/p>\n
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the US
\n.pa
\nPanama
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 78,200 km2; land area: 75,990 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 555 km total; Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 2,490 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 200 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May
\nto January), short dry season (January to May)<\/p>\n
Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland
\nplains; coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills<\/p>\n
Natural resources: copper, mahogany forests, shrimp<\/p>\n
Land use: 6% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 15% meadows and
\npastures; 54% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: dense tropical forest in east and northwest<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming
\nland bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that
\nlinks North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 2,425,400 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 26 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 76 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Panamanian(s); adjective–Panamanian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry),
\n14% West Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian<\/p>\n
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant<\/p>\n
Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native tongue; many
\nPanamanians bilingual<\/p>\n
Literacy: 90%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 770,472 (1987); 27.9% government and community services;
\n26.2% agriculture, hunting, and fishing; 16% commerce, restaurants, and hotels;
\n10.5% manufacturing and mining; 5.3% construction; 5.3% transportation and
\ncommunications; 4.2% finance, insurance, and real estate; 2.4% Canal Zone;
\nshortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 17% of labor force (1986)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Panama<\/p>\n
Type: centralized republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Panama<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (provincias, singular–provincia)
\nand 1 territory* (comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon,
\nDarien, Herrera, Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, Veraguas<\/p>\n
Independence: 3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent
\nfrom Spain 28 November 1821)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
\nlegislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory
\nICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November (1903)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema
\nde Justica) currently being reorganized<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Guillermo ENDARA
\n(since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May 1989);
\nFirst Vice President Ricardo Arias CALDERON (since 20 December 1989,
\nelected 7 May 1989);
\nSecond Vice President Guillermo FORD (since 20 December 1989,
\nelected 7 May 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders:
\nGovernment alliance–Authentic Liberal Party (PLA); faction of Authentic
\nPanamenista Party (PPA), Guillermo Endara; Christian Democrat Party
\n(PDC), Ricardo Arias Calderon; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
\n(MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez; former Noriegist parties–Democratic
\nRevolutionary Party (PRD, ex-official government party), Carlos Duque;
\nLabor Party (PALA), Ramon Sieiro Murgas; People’s Party (PdP,
\nSoviet-oriented Communist party), Ruben Dario Sousa Batista; Democratic
\nWorkers Party; National Action Party (PAN);<\/p>\n
other opposition parties–Popular Nationalist Party (PNP),
\nOlimpo A. Saez Maruci; factions of the former Liberal and Republican
\nparties; Popular Action Party (PAP), Carlos Ivan Zuniga; Socialist Workers
\nParty (PST, leftist), Jose Cambra; Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT, leftist),
\nGraciela Dixon<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later upheld (next
\nto be held May 1994);
\nresults–anti-Noriega coalition believed to have won about 75% of the
\ntotal votes cast;<\/p>\n
Legislative Assembly–last held on 7 May 1989, annulled but later
\nupheld; in process of reorganization (next to be held May 1994);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(67 total) the Electoral Tribunal has confirmed 58 of the
\n67 seats–PDC 27, MOLIRENA 15, PLA 6, Noriegist PRD 7, PPA 3;
\nlegitimate holders of the other 9 seats cannot be determined and a
\nspecial election will be held<\/p>\n
Communists: People’s Party (PdP), pro-Noriega regime mainline Communist
\nparty, did not obtain the necessary 3% of the total vote in the 1984 election
\nto retain its legal status; about 3,000 members<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Organized
\nWorkers (CONATO); National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP);
\nPanamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE)<\/p>\n
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
\nIDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
\nIRC, ITU, IWC–International Whaling Commission, IWC–International Wheat
\nCouncil, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eduardo VALLARINO;
\nChancery at 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
\n(202) 483-1407; the status of the Consulates General and Consulates has
\nnot yet been determined;
\nUS–Ambassador Deane R. HINTON; Embassy at Avenida Balboa and
\nCalle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5 (mailing address is Box E,
\nAPO Miami 34002); telephone \u00d5507\u00e5 27-1777<\/p>\n
Flag: divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white
\nwith a blue five-pointed star in the center (hoist side) and plain red, the
\nbottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed
\nstar in the center<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The GDP contracted an estimated 7.5% in 1989, following a
\ndrop of 20% in 1988. Political instability, lack of credit, and the
\nerosion of business confidence prompted declines of 20-70% in the
\nfinancial, agricultural, commercial, manufacturing, and construction
\nsectors between 1987 and 1989. Transits through the Panama Canal were
\noff slightly, as were toll revenues. Unemployment remained about 23%
\nduring 1989. Imports of foodstuffs and crude oil increased during 1989,
\nbut capital goods imports continued their slide. Exports were widely
\npromoted by Noriega trade delegations, but sales abroad remained
\nstagnant.<\/p>\n
GDP: $3.9 billion, per capita $1,648; real growth rate – 7.5%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): – 0.1% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 23% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $598 million; expenditures $750 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $220 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities–bananas 40%,
\nshrimp 27%, coffee 4%, sugar, petroleum products;
\npartners–US 90%, Central America and Caribbean, EC (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Imports: $830 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities–foodstuffs
\n16%, capital goods 9%, crude oil 16%, consumer goods, chemicals;
\npartners–US 35%, Central America and Caribbean, EC,
\nMexico, Venezuela (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
External debt: $5.2 billion (November 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 4.1% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 1,113,000 kW capacity; 3,270 million kWh produced,
\n1,380 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining,
\nbrewing, cement and other construction material, sugar mills, paper products<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP (1989 est.), 26% of labor
\nforce (1987); crops–bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock;
\nfishing; importer of food grain, vegetables, milk products<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $515 million;
\nWestern (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
\n$568 million; Communist countries (1970-88), $4 million<\/p>\n
Currency: balboa (plural–balboas); 1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: balboas (B) per US$1–1.000 (fixed rate)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter
\ngauge<\/p>\n
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed
\nstone, 2,515 km improved and unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama
\nCanal<\/p>\n
Pipelines: crude oil, 130 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Cristobal, Balboa, Puerto de La Bahia de Las Minas<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 3,187 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
\n46,502,092 GRT\/72,961,250 DWT; includes 34 passenger, 22 short-sea
\npassenger, 3 passenger-cargo, 1,087 cargo, 179 refrigerated cargo,
\n186 container, 71 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 136 vehicle carrier,
\n7 livestock carrier, 9 multifunction large-load carrier,
\n315 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 184 chemical tanker,
\n30 combination ore\/oil, 91 liquefied gas, 8 specialized tanker, 767 bulk,
\n58 combination bulk; note–all but 5 are foreign owned and operated;
\nthe top 4 foreign owners are Japan 41%, Greece 9%, Hong Kong 9%, and the
\nUS 7% (China owns at least 144 ships, Yugoslavia 12, Cuba 6, and
\nVietnam 9)<\/p>\n
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 123 total, 112 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: domestic and international facilities well developed;
\nconnection into Central American Microwave System; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
\nantennas; 220,000 telephones; stations–91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine
\ncable<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: the Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) ceased to exist as a
\nmilitary institution shortly after the United States invaded Panama on
\n20 December 1989; President Endara is attempting to restructure the
\nforces, with more civilian control, under the new name of Panamanian
\nPublic Forces (PPF)<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 628,327; 433,352 fit for military service;
\nno conscription<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2.0% of GDP (1987)
\n.pa
\nPapua New Guinea
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 461,690 km2; land area: 451,710 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than California<\/p>\n
Land boundary: 820 km with Indonesia<\/p>\n
Coastline: 5,152 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 3 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast
\nmonsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills<\/p>\n
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber,
\noil potential<\/p>\n
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 1% permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
\npastures; 71% forest and woodland; 28% other<\/p>\n
Environment: one of world’s largest swamps along southwest coast;
\nsome active volcanos; frequent earthquakes<\/p>\n
Note: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 3,822,875 (July 1990), growth rate 2.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 34 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 11 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 68 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 56 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 5.0 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Papua New Guinean(s); adjective–Papua New Guinean<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito,
\nMicronesian, and Polynesian<\/p>\n
Religion: over half of population nominally Christian (490,000
\nRoman Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder indigenous
\nbeliefs<\/p>\n
Language: 715 indigenous languages; English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin
\nEnglish widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region<\/p>\n
Literacy: 32%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,660,000; 732,806 in salaried employment; 54% agriculture,
\n25% government, 9% industry and commerce, 8% services (1980)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: more than 50 trade unions, some with fewer than 20
\nmembers<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Independent State of Papua New Guinea<\/p>\n
Type: parliamentary democracy<\/p>\n
Capital: Port Moresby<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces; Central, Chimbu,
\nEastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus,
\nMilne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Ireland, Northern, North Solomons,
\nSandaun, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain<\/p>\n
Independence: 16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian
\nadministration)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 16 September 1975<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September (1975)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
\ndeputy prime minister, National Executive Council (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament (sometimes referred to
\nas the House of Assembly)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952),
\nrepresented by Governor General Vincent ERI (since 18 January 1990);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Rabbie NAMALIU (since 4 July 1988);
\nDeputy Prime Minister Akoko DOI (since 7 July 1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties: Pangu Party, People’s Progress Party, United Party,
\nPapua Besena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nNational Parliament–last held 13 June-4 July 1987 (next to be held
\n4 July 1992);
\nresults–PP 14.7%, PDM 10.8%, PPP 6.1%, MA 5.6%, NP 5.1%, PAP 3.2%,
\nindependents 42.9%, others 11.6%;
\nseats–(109 total) PP 26, PDM 17, NP 12, MA 7, PAP 6, PPP 5, independents 22,
\nothers 14<\/p>\n
Communists: no significant strength<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
\nG-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
\nINTERPOL, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Margaret TAYLOR; Chancery at
\nSuite 350, 1330 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036;
\ntelephone (202) 659-0856;
\nUS–Ambassador-designate William FERRAND; Embassy at Armit
\nStreet, Port
\nMoresby (mailing address is P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby); telephone
\n\u00d5675\u00e5 211-455 or 594, 654<\/p>\n
Flag: divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle
\nis red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is
\nblack with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation
\ncentered<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural
\nresources, but exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and
\nthe high cost of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a
\nsubsistence livelihood for more than half of the population. Mining of
\nnumerous deposits, including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of
\nexport earnings. Budgetary support from Australia and development aid
\nunder World Bank auspices help sustain the economy.<\/p>\n
GDP: $3.26 billion, per capita $890; real growth rate 1.2% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 5% (1988)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $962 million; expenditures $998 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $169 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–gold, copper
\nore, coffee, copra, palm oil, timber, lobster; partners–FRG, Japan,
\nAustralia, UK, Spain, US<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–machinery and
\ntransport equipment, fuels, food, chemicals, consumer goods;
\npartners–Australia, Singapore, Japan, US, New Zealand, UK<\/p>\n
External debt: $2.5 billion (December 1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 397,000 kW capacity; 1,510 million kWh produced,
\n400 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: copra crushing, oil palm processing, plywood processing,
\nwood chip production, gold, silver, copper, construction, tourism<\/p>\n
Agriculture: one-third of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile
\nsoils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of crops; cash
\ncrops–coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other products–tea, rubber, sweet
\npotatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry, pork; net importer of food for urban
\ncenters<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $38.8 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $5.8
\nbillion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million<\/p>\n
Currency: kina (plural–kina); 1 kina (K) = 100 toea<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: kina (K) per US$1–1.1592 (December 1989), 1.1685 (1989),
\n1.1538 (1988), 1.1012 (1987), 1.0296 (1986), 1.0000 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone,
\nor stabilized-soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 10,940 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 18,675 GRT\/27,954
\nDWT; includes 6 cargo, 2 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 1 combination ore\/oil, 2 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 575 total, 455 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n38 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: services are adequate and being improved; facilities
\nprovide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
\naeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services; submarine
\ncables extend to Australia and Guam; 51,700 telephones (1985); stations–31 AM,
\n2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 952,454; 529,570 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 1.3% of GDP, or $42 million (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nParacel Islands
\nGeography
\nTotal area: undetermined<\/p>\n
Comparative area: undetermined<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 518 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: undetermined<\/p>\n
Disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical<\/p>\n
Terrain: undetermined<\/p>\n
Natural resources: none<\/p>\n
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n0% forest and woodland; 100% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to typhoons<\/p>\n
Note: located 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea
\nabout one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: no permanent inhabitants<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: no economic activity<\/p>\n
Communications
\nPorts: none; offshore anchorage only<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: occupied by China
\n.pa
\nParaguay
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 406,750 km2; land area: 397,300 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than California<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 3,920 km total; Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km,
\nBrazil 1,290 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Disputes: short section of the boundary with Brazil (just west of
\nGuaira Falls on the Rio Parana) is in dispute<\/p>\n
Climate: varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west<\/p>\n
Terrain: grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay;
\nGran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the
\nriver, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere<\/p>\n
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese, limestone, hydropower, timber<\/p>\n
Land use: 20% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 39% meadows and
\npastures; 35% forest and woodland; 5% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: local flooding in southeast (early September to June);
\npoorly drained plains may become boggy (early October to June)<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 4,660,270 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 36 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Paraguayan(s); adjective–Paraguayan<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and Indian), 5% white and Indian<\/p>\n
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic; Mennonite and other Protestant denominations<\/p>\n
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani<\/p>\n
Literacy: 81%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,300,000; 44% agriculture, 34% industry and commerce,
\n18% services, 4% government (1986)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 2% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Paraguay<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Asuncion<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos,
\nsingular–departamento); Alto Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron,
\nCaaguazu, Caazapa, Canendiyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera,
\nGuaira, Itapua, Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari,
\nPresidente Hayes, San Pedro<\/p>\n
Independence: 14 May 1811 (from Spain)<\/p>\n
Constitution 25 August 1967<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes;
\njudicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not
\naccept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet),
\nCouncil of State<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)
\nconsists of an upper chamber or Senate and a lower chamber or Chamber of
\nDeputies<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Gen. Andres
\nRODRIGUEZ Pedotti (since 15 May 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chaves;
\nAuthentic Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Domingo Laino; Christian Democratic
\nParty (PDC), Jorge Dario Cristaldo; Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF),
\nEuclides Acevedo; Liberal Party (PL), Reinaldo Odone; Popular Colorado
\nMovement (MOPOCO), Miguel Angel Gonzalez Casabianca; Radical Liberal Party
\n(PLR), Emilio Forestieri; Popular Democratic Movement (MDP)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 and up to age 60<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held February 1993);
\nresults–Gen. Rodriguez 75.8%, Domingo Laino 19.4%;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 1 May 1989 (next to be held by May 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(36 total) Colorado Party 24, PLRA 10, PLR 1, PRF 1;<\/p>\n
Chamber of Deputies–last held on 1 May 1989 (next to be held by
\nMay 1994);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(72 total) Colorado Party 48, PLRA 19, PRF 2, PDC 1, PL 1, PLR 1<\/p>\n
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both
\nillegal); 3,000 to 4,000 (est.) party members and sympathizers in Paraguay,
\nvery few are hard core; party beginning to return from exile is small and
\ndeeply divided<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: Febrerista; Authentic Radical
\nLiberal; Christian Democratic Parties; Confederation of Workers (CUT);
\nRoman Catholic Church<\/p>\n
Member of: CCC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
\nIDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
\nIPU, IRC, ITU, LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Marcos MARTINEZ MENDIETA; Chancery
\nat 2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-6960
\nthrough 6962; there are Paraguayan Consulates General in New Orleans and
\nNew York, and a Consulate in Houston; US–Ambassador Timothy L. TOWELL;
\nEmbassy at 1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion (mailing address is
\nC. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO Miami 34036-0001); telephone \u00d5595\u00e5 (21) 201-041
\nor 049<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an
\nemblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is different
\non each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the national coat of
\narms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green wreath capped by the words
\nREPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side
\nat the right) bears the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of
\nLiberty and the words Paz y Justica (Peace and Justice) capped
\nby the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is predominantly agricultural. Agriculture,
\nincluding forestry, accounts for about 25% of GNP, employs about 45% of
\nthe labor force, and provides the bulk of exports. Paraguay has no known
\nsignificant mineral or petroleum resources, but does have a large
\nhydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined
\ncompared with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an
\naverage annual rate of nearly 11%. During 1982-86 real GDP fell three
\nout of five years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and
\nforeign debt rose. Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the
\neconomy were the completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather
\nfor crops, and weak international commodity prices for agricultural exports.
\nIn 1987 the economy experienced a modest recovery because of improved weather
\nconditions and stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The
\nrecovery continued through 1988, with a bumper soybean crop and record cotton
\nproduction. The government, however, must follow through on promises of reforms
\nneeded to deal with large fiscal deficits, growing debt arrearages,
\nand falling reserves.<\/p>\n
GDP: $8.9 billion, per capita $1,970; real growth rate 5.2% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 12% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $609 million; expenditures $909 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $401 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $1,020 million (registered f.o.b., 1989 est.);
\ncommodities–cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, coffee, tung oil,
\nmeat products; partners–EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%,
\nUS 6%<\/p>\n
Imports: $1,010 million (registered c.i.f., 1989 est.);
\ncommodities–capital goods 35%, consumer goods 20%, fuels and lubricants
\n19%, raw materials 16%, foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco 10%;
\npartners–Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7%<\/p>\n
External debt: $2.9 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 2% (1987)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 5,169,000 kW capacity; 15,140 million kWh produced,
\n3,350 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing,
\ntextiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 25% of GDP and 50% of labor force; cash
\ncrops–cotton, sugarcane; other crops–corn, wheat, tobacco, soybeans, cassava,
\nfruits, and vegetables; animal products–beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus
\nproducer of timber; self-sufficient in most foods<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
\ndrug trade with an estimated 300 hectares cultivated in 1988; important
\ntransshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $168 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $994 million<\/p>\n
Currency: guarani (plural–guaranies);
\n1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$1–1,200.20 (November 1989;
\nfloated in February 1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989),
\n339.17 (1986), 306.67 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km
\n1.000-meter gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)<\/p>\n
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km
\nearth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 3,100 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Asuncion<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,735 GRT\/26,043
\nDWT; includes 13 cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker;
\nnote–1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commercially<\/p>\n
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 873 total, 753 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways;
\n1 with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 52 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion; fair intercity
\nmicrowave net; 78,300 telephones; stations–40 AM, no FM, 5 TV, 7 shortwave;
\n1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan Navy, Paraguayan Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,096,227; 798,750 fit for military
\nservice; 49,791 reach military age (17) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nPeru
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 1,285,220 km2; land area: 1,280,000 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Alaska<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 6,940 km total; Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km,
\nChile 160 km, Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 2,414 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 200 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: two sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute<\/p>\n
Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west<\/p>\n
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
\n(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)<\/p>\n
Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber,
\nfish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash<\/p>\n
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 21% meadows and
\npastures; 55% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic
\nactivity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air
\npollution in Lima<\/p>\n
Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world’s highest navigable
\nlake, with Bolivia<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 21,905,605 (July 1990), growth rate 2.1% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 28 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 67 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 66 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Peruvian(s); adjective–Peruvian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo (mixed Indian and European
\nancestry); 15% white; 3% black, Japanese, Chinese, and other<\/p>\n
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara<\/p>\n
Literacy: 80% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 6,800,000 (1986); 44% government and other services,
\n37% agriculture, 19% industry (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Peru<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Lima<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos,
\nsingular–departamento) and 1 constitutional province*
\n(provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho,
\nCajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad,
\nLambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno,
\nSan Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali<\/p>\n
Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979 Constitution
\nbecause constituent assembly met in 1979, but Constitution actually took effect
\nthe following year); reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected
\npresident and bicameral legislature<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory
\nICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
\nCouncil of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an upper
\nchamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies
\n(Camara de Diputados)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President-elect Alberto FUJIMORI (since 10 June
\n1990; Vice President-elect Maximo San ROMAN (since 10 June 1990);
\nVice President-elect Carlos GARCIA;
\nPresident Alan GARCIA Perez (since 28 July 1985);
\nFirst Vice President Luis Alberto SANCHEZ Sanchez (since 28 July 1985);
\nSecond Vice President Luis Juan ALVA Castro (since 28 July 1985);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Guillermo LARCO Cox (since 3 October
\n1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
\n(APRA), Alan Garcia Perez; United Left (IU), run by committee;
\nDemocratic Front (FREDEMO), headed by Mario Vargas Llosa of the Liberty
\nMovement (ML), coalition also includes the Popular Christian Party (PPC),
\nLuis Bedoya Reyes and the Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando
\nBelaunde Terry; Socialist Left (ISO), Alfonso Barrantes Lingan<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
\nresults–Alberto Fujimori xx%, Mario Vargas Llosa xx%, others xx%;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(60 total) APRA 32, IU 15, AP 5, others 8;<\/p>\n
Chamber of Deputies–last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April
\n1995);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(180 total) APRA 107, IU 48, AP 10, others 15<\/p>\n
Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet,
\n2,000; other minor Communist parties<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: NA<\/p>\n
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, ASSIMER, CCC, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
\nGroup of Eight, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB–Inter-American
\nDevelopment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, ILZSG, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU,
\nIWC–International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
\nWFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Cesar G. ATALA; Chancery at
\n1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 833-9860
\nthrough 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in Chicago, Houston,
\nLos Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, and
\nSan Juan (Puerto Rico);
\nUS–Ambassador Anthony QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of
\nAvenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing address
\nis P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1010, or APO Miami 34031); telephone \u00d551\u00e5 (14) 338-000<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with
\nthe coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield
\nbearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia
\nspilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy is verging on hyperinflation and economic activity
\nis contracting rapidly. Deficit spending is at the root of domestic economic
\nproblems, but poor relations with international lenders–the result of
\ncurtailing debt payments since 1985–are preventing an inflow of funds to
\ngenerate a recovery. Reduced standards of living have increased labor tensions,
\nand strikes, particularly in the key mining sector, have cut production and
\nexports. Foreign exchange shortages have forced reductions in vital consumer
\nimports such as food and industrial inputs. Peru is the world’s leading producer
\nof coca, from which the drug cocaine is produced.<\/p>\n
GDP: $18.9 billion, per capita $880; real growth rate – 12.2% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2,775% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 15.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $3.2 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $796 million (1986)<\/p>\n
Exports: $3.55 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities–fishmeal,
\ncotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude
\npetroleum and byproducts; partners–EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%,
\nLatin America 8%, USSR 4%<\/p>\n
Imports: $2.50 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities–foodstuffs,
\nmachinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals,
\npharmaceuticals; partners–US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%,
\nSwitzerland 3%<\/p>\n
External debt: $17.7 billion (December 1989)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 25.0% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced,
\n725 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing,
\nfood processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force; commercial
\ncrops–coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops–rice, wheat, potatoes,
\nplantains, coca; animal products–poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not
\nself-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 4.6 million
\nmetric tons (1987), world’s fifth-largest<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: world’s largest coca producer and source of supply
\nfor coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for
\nillicit production; most of coca base is shipped to Colombian drug
\ndealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.6 billion; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.7 billion;
\nCommunist countries (1970-88), $577 million<\/p>\n
Currency: inti (plural–intis); 1 inti (I\/) = 1,000 soles<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: intis (I\/) per US$1–5,261.40 (December 1989),
\n128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986), 10.97 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 300 km
\n0.914-meter gauge<\/p>\n
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km
\nimproved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system
\nand 208 km Lago Titicaca<\/p>\n
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 341,213 GRT\/535,215
\nDWT; includes 18 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo,
\n3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 8 bulk;
\nnote–in addition, 7 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used
\ncommercially<\/p>\n
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 242 total, 226 usable; 35 with permanent-surface runways;
\n2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide
\nradio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations–273 AM, no FM, 140 TV,
\n144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12 domestic antennas<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de
\nGuerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru)<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,543,166; 3,751,077 fit for military
\nservice; 236,814 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 4.9% of GNP (1987)
\n.pa
\nPhilippines
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 36,289 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from
\ncoastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed
\npolygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth<\/p>\n
Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
\nChina, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
\nsouthwest monsoon (May to October)<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands<\/p>\n
Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver,
\ngold, salt, copper<\/p>\n
Land use: 26% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
\npastures; 40% forest and woodland; 19% other; includes 5% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck
\nby five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active
\nvolcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water
\npollution<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 66,117,284 (July 1990), growth rate 2.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 32 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 1 migrant\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 69 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Filipino(s); adjective–Philippine<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3%
\nother<\/p>\n
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protestant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and
\nother<\/p>\n
Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official<\/p>\n
Literacy: 88% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 22,889,000; 47% agriculture, 20% industry and commerce,
\n13.5% services, 10% government, 9.5% other (1987)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 2,064 registered unions; total membership 4.8 million
\n(includes 2.7 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of the Philippines<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Manila<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra,
\nAgusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora,
\nBacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes,
\nBatangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*,
\nCabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*,
\nCamarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite,
\nCavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*,
\nDavao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*,
\nEastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte,
\nIlocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*,
\nLaguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*,
\nLeyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque,
\nMasbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental,
\nMisamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental,
\nNorth Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*,
\nOroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan,
\nPasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*,
\nSamar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan),
\nSan Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato,
\nSouthern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte,
\nSurigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi,
\nToledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte,
\nZamboanga del Sur<\/p>\n
Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or
\nSenate and a lower house or House of Representatives<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Corazon C. AQUINO
\n(since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February
\n1986)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino Pimentel; Struggle of
\nPhilippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali Gonzales; Nationalista Party, Salvador
\nLaurel, Juan Ponce Enrile; Liberal Party, Jovito Salonga<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 15<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be
\nheld May 1992); results–Corazon C. Aquino elected after the fall of the
\nMarcos regime;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1993);
\nresults–Pro-Aquino LDP 63%, Liberals LDP and
\nPDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, Opposition Nationalista Party 4%,
\nindependents 8%;
\nseats–(24 total) Pro-Aquino LDP 15, Liberals
\nLDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, Opposition 1, independents 2;<\/p>\n
House of Representatives–last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be
\nheld May 1992);
\nresults–Pro-Aquino LDP 73%, Liberals LDP and PDP-Laban
\n(Pimentel wing) 10%, Opposition Nationalista Party 17%;
\nseats–(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA<\/p>\n
Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls
\nabout 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal
\nparty; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist
\nParty (PKP), has quasi-legal status<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, CCC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
\nGATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
\nIPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at
\n1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414;
\nthere are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu,
\nHouston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle;
\nUS–Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila
\n(mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone \u00d563\u00e5 (2) 521-7116;
\nthere is a US Consulate in Cebu<\/p>\n
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white
\nequilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a
\nyellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and
\nin each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil
\nfollowing the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts.
\nAfter two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the
\neconomy has since 1986 had positive growth. The agricultural sector,
\ntogether with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy,
\nemploying about 50% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The
\nPhilippines is the world’s largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products.
\nManufacturing contributed about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food
\nprocessing, chemicals, and textiles.<\/p>\n
GNP: $40.5 billion, per capita $625; real growth rate 5.2% (1989)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.6% (1989)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 8.7% (1989)<\/p>\n
Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
\ncommodities–electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals
\nand ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%,
\nforest products 4%; partners–US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%,
\nESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%<\/p>\n
Imports: $10.5 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities–raw materials
\n53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%; partners–US 25%,
\nJapan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10%<\/p>\n
External debt: $27.8 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 7.3% (1989)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 6,700,000 kW capacity; 25,000 million kWh produced,
\n385 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products,
\nfood processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 50% of labor force;
\nmajor crops–rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal
\nproducts–pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2
\nmillion metric tons annually<\/p>\n
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
\ndrug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis
\ndespite government eradication efforts<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $3.2 billion; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $6.4 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-88), $123
\nmillion<\/p>\n
Currency: Philippine peso (plural–pesos);
\n1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (P) per US$1–22.464 (January 1990),
\n21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)<\/p>\n
Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel,
\ncrushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m)
\nvessels<\/p>\n
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila,
\nSubic Bay<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 595 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,134,924
\nGRT\/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 10 short-sea passenger,
\n16 passenger-cargo, 166 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 30 vehicle carrier,
\n8 livestock carrier, 7 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 6 container, 36 petroleum,
\noils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 6 liquefied gas,
\n3 combination ore\/oil, 282 bulk, 5 combination bulk; note–many
\nPhilippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the
\npurpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who
\nare principally in Japan and FRG<\/p>\n
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 301 total, 237 usable; 70 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n49 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services;
\ndomestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations–267 AM
\n(including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to
\nHong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations–1
\nIndian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary–Integrated
\nNational Police<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,160,543; 11,417,451 fit for military
\nservice; 684,976 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GNP, or $850 million (1990 est.)
\n.pa
\nPitcairn Islands
\n(dependent territory of the UK)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 51 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 3 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds;
\nrainy season (November to March)<\/p>\n
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs<\/p>\n
Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish<\/p>\n
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and
\npastures; NA% forest and woodland; NA% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March)<\/p>\n
Note: located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between
\nPeru and New Zealand<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 56 (July 1990), growth rate 0.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: NA births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: NA deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NA migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: NA children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective–Pitcairn Islander<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty mutineers<\/p>\n
Religion: 100% Seventh-Day Adventist<\/p>\n
Language: English (official); also a Tahitian\/English dialect<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%, but probably high<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public
\nworks; subsistence farming and fishing<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands<\/p>\n
Type: dependent territory of the UK<\/p>\n
Capital: Adamstown<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964<\/p>\n
Legal system: local island by-laws<\/p>\n
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
\nSaturday in June), 10 June 1989<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrate<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Island Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
\nrepresented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand
\nRobin A. C. BYATT (since NA 1988);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island
\nCouncil Brian YOUNG (since NA 1985)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: NA<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18 with three years residency<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nIsland Council–last held NA (next to be held NA);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA<\/p>\n
Communists: none<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: NA<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
\nthe Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the
\ncoat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow
\nanchor<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming.
\nThe fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and
\nvegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans.
\nBartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue
\nare the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts
\nto passing ships.<\/p>\n
GNP: NA<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital
\nexpenditures of $NA (FY87 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $NA; commodities–fruits, vegetables, curios;
\npartners–NA<\/p>\n
Imports: $NA; commodities–fuel oil, machinery, building materials,
\nflour, sugar, other foodstuffs; partners–NA<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced,
\n4,410 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: postage stamp sales, handicrafts<\/p>\n
Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of
\nfruits and vegetables grown; must import grain products<\/p>\n
Aid: none<\/p>\n
Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1–1.6581 (January
\n1990), 1.6708 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: none<\/p>\n
Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads<\/p>\n
Ports: Bounty Bay<\/p>\n
Airports: none<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the
\nisland; stations–1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK
\n.pa
\nPoland
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 312,680 km2; land area: 304,510 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,980 km total; Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, GDR 456 km,
\nUSSR 1,215 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 491 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
\nfrequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border<\/p>\n
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver,
\nlead, salt<\/p>\n
Land use: 46% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 13% meadows and
\npastures; 28% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering
\nstreams; severe air and water pollution in south<\/p>\n
Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain
\nand the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 37,776,725 (July 1990), growth rate NEGL (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 14 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 5 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 77 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Pole(s); adjective–Polish<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less
\nthan 0.05% Jewish<\/p>\n
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing),
\n5% Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other<\/p>\n
Language: Polish<\/p>\n
Literacy: 98%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 17,128,000 (1988); 36.5% industry and construction;
\n28.5% agriculture; 14.7% trade, transport, and communications;
\n20.3% government and other<\/p>\n
Organized labor: trade union pluralism<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Poland<\/p>\n
Type: democratic state<\/p>\n
Capital: Warsaw<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa,
\nsingular–wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko-Biala,
\nBydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk,
\nGorzow Wielkopolski, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin,
\nKoszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza,
\nLublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow,
\nPlock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz,
\nSkierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow,
\nTorun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc,
\nZielona Gora<\/p>\n
Independence: 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed<\/p>\n
Constitution: the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952
\nwill be replaced by a democratic Constitution before May 1991<\/p>\n
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist
\nlegal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July (1952) will
\nprobably be replaced by Constitution Day, 3 May (1794)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
\n(cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlament) consists of
\nan upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or National Assembly
\n(Sejm)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Gen. Wojciech JARUZELSKI (since
\n19 July 1989, Chairman of Council of State since 6 November 1985);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Premier Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI (since 24 August 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders:
\nCenter-right agrarian parties–Polish Peasant Party (PSL, known
\nunofficially as PSL-Wilanowska), Gen. Franciszek Kaminski, chairman;
\nPolish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Josef Slisz, chairman;
\nPolish Peasant Party-Rebirth (formerly the United Peasant Party),
\nKazimirrz Olrsiak, chairman;<\/p>\n
Other center-right parties–National Party, Bronislaw Ekert,
\nchairman;
\nChristian National Union, Urrslaw Chnzanowski, chairman;
\nChristian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw Sila Nowicki, chairman;
\nDemocratic Party, Jerzy Jozwiak, chairman;<\/p>\n
Center-left parties–Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef Lipski,
\nchairman;<\/p>\n
Left-wing parties–Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution;<\/p>\n
Other–Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the
\nCommunist Party or Polish United Workers’ Party\/PZPR), Aleksander
\nKwasnuewski, chairman;
\nUnion of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway
\nfaction of the PZPR), Tadrusz Fiszbach, chairman<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nSenate–last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held June 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(100 total) Solidarity 99, independent 1;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be
\nheld June 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(460 total) Communists 173, Solidarity 161, Polish Peasant
\nParty 76, Democratic Party 27, Christian National Union 23; note–rules
\ngoverning the election limited Solidarity’s share of the vote to 35%
\nof the seats; future elections are to be freely contested<\/p>\n
Communists: 70,000 members in the Communist successor party (1990)<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church;
\nConfederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), a nationalist group;
\nSolidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ),
\npopulist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs); Freedom and
\nPeace (WiP), a pacifist group; Independent Student Union (NZS)<\/p>\n
Member of: CCC, CEMA, Council of Europe, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC,
\nICAO, ICES, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
\nUPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jan KINAST; Chancery at 2640 16th
\nStreet NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are
\nPolish Consulates General in Chicago and New York;
\nUS–Ambassador-designate Thomas SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje
\nUjazdowskie 29\/31, Warsaw (mailing address is
\nAPO New York 09213); telephone \u00d548\u00e5 283041 through 283049; there is a US
\nConsulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan<\/p>\n
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red–a crowned
\neagle is to be added; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which
\nare red (top) and white<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy, except for the agricultural sector, had
\nfollowed the Soviet model of state ownership and control of the country’s
\nproductive assets. About 75% of agricultural production had come from the
\nprivate sector and the rest from state farms. The economy has presented a
\npicture of moderate but slowing growth against a background of underlying
\nweaknesses in technology and worker motivation. GNP increased between 3%
\nand 6% annually during the period 1983-1986, but grew only 2.5% and 2.1%
\nin 1987 and 1988, respectively. Output dropped by 1.5% in 1989. The
\ninflation rate, after falling sharply from the 1982 peak of 100% to 22%
\nin 1986, rose to a galloping rate of 640% in 1989. Shortages of consumer
\ngoods and some food items worsened in 1988-89. Agricultural products and
\ncoal have remained the biggest hard currency earners, but manufactures
\nare increasing in importance. Poland, with its hard currency debt of
\napproximately $40 billion, is severely limited in its ability to import
\nmuch-needed hard currency goods. The sweeping political changes of 1989
\ndisrupted normal economic channels and exacerbated shortages. In January
\n1990, the new Solidarity-led government adopted a cold turkey program for
\ntransforming Poland to a market economy. The government moved to
\neliminate subsidies, end artificially low prices, make the zloty
\nconvertible, and, in general, halt the hyperinflation. These financial
\nmeasures are accompanied by plans to privatize the economy in stages.
\nSubstantial outside aid will be needed if Poland is to make a successful
\ntransition in the 1990s.<\/p>\n
GNP: $172.4 billion, per capita $4,565; real growth rate – 1.6%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 640% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%; 215,000 (official number, mid-March 1990)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $23 billion; expenditures $24 billion, including
\ncapital expenditures of $3.5 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $24.7 billion (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
\ncommodities–machinery and equipment 63%; fuels, minerals, and
\nmetals 14%; manufactured consumer goods 14%; agricultural and forestry
\nproducts 5% (1987 est.);
\npartners–USSR 25%, FRG 12%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1988)<\/p>\n
Imports: $22.8 billion (f.o.b., 1987 est.);
\ncommodities–machinery and equipment 36%; fuels, minerals, and
\nmetals 35%; manufactured consumer goods 9%; agricultural and forestry
\nproducts 12%;
\npartners–USSR 23%, FRG 13%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1988)<\/p>\n
External debt: $40 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 2.0% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 31,390,000 kW capacity; 125,000 million kWh produced,
\n3,260 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries,
\nchemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; 75% of
\noutput from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains
\nlow by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed,
\nand potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter
\nof pork products; normally self-sufficient in food<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries,
\n$2.1 billion (1954-88)<\/p>\n
Currency: zloty (plural–zlotych); 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1–9,500.00 (January 1990),
\n1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987), 175.29 (1986), 147.14 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 27,245 km total; 24,333 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km
\n1.524-meter broad gauge, 2,515 km narrow gauge; 8,986 km double track; 10,000 km
\nelectrified; government owned (1986)<\/p>\n
Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete,
\nasphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone,
\ngravel); 100,000 km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1988)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil;
\n360 km for refined products (1987)<\/p>\n
Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland
\nports are Gliwice on Kanal Gliwice, Wroclaw on the Oder, and Warsaw
\non the Vistula<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 234 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,957,534
\nGRT\/4,164,665 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 93 cargo, 3 refrigerated
\ncargo, 12 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
\n(POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 105 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways;
\n1 with runway over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: stations–30 AM, 28 FM, 41 TV; 4 Soviet TV relays;
\n9,691,075 TV sets; 9,290,000 radio receivers; at least 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
\nearth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Ground Forces, National Air Defense Forces, Air Force Command,
\nNavy<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,501,088; 7,503,477 fit for military
\nservice; 292,769 reach military age (19) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 954 billion zlotych, NA% of total budget (1989);
\nnote–conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
\nadministratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
\n.pa
\nPortugal
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2; includes Azores and
\nMadeira Islands<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana<\/p>\n
Land boundary: 1,214 km with Spain<\/p>\n
Coastline: 1,793 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: Macau is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region
\nof China in 1999; East Timor question with Indonesia<\/p>\n
Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier
\nin south<\/p>\n
Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore,
\nuranium ore, marble<\/p>\n
Land use: 32% arable land; 6% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
\npastures; 40% forest and woodland; 16% other; includes 7% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes<\/p>\n
Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations
\nalong western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 10,354,497 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 12 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 1 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective–Portuguese<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores,
\nMadeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland
\nduring decolonization number less than 100,000<\/p>\n
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant denominations, 2% other<\/p>\n
Language: Portuguese<\/p>\n
Literacy: 83%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 4,605,700; 45% services, 35% industry, 20% agriculture (1988)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated
\nGeneral Confederation of Portuguese Workers–Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents
\nmore than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General
\nWorkers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and
\nrepresents less than half of unionized labor<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Portuguese Republic<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Lisbon<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos,
\nsingular–distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas,
\nsingular–regiao autonoma); Acores*, Aveiro, Beja, Braga,
\nBraganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria,
\nLisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal,
\nViana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu<\/p>\n
Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative
\nRegion of China in 1999)<\/p>\n
Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910<\/p>\n
Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982; new discussions on
\nconstitutional revision began October 1987<\/p>\n
Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
\nconstitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
\nreservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy
\nprime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia
\nda Republica)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de
\nJustica)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES
\n(since 9 March 1986);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6
\nNovember 1985); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal
\nCavaco Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge Sampaio; Party of
\nDemocratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio Martinho; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP),
\nAlvaro Cunhal; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Diogo Freitas do Amaral<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 16 February 1986 (next to be held January
\n1991);
\nresults–Dr. Mario Lopes Soares 51.3%, Prof. Diogo Freitas do Amal
\n48.7%;<\/p>\n
Assembly of the Republic–last held 19 July 1987
\n(next to be held July 1991);
\nresults–Social Democrats 59.2%, Socialists 24.0%, Communists (in a
\nfront coalition) 12.4%, Democratic Renewal 2.8%, Center Democrats 1.6%;
\nseats–(250 total) Social Democrats 148, Socialists 60, Communists
\n(in a front coalition) 31 seats, Democratic Renewal 7,
\nCenter Democrats 4<\/p>\n
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753
\n(December 1983)<\/p>\n
Member of: CCC, Council of Europe, EC, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD,
\nICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDB–Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
\nIHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC–International
\nWheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS;
\nChancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008;
\ntelephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston,
\nNew York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey),
\nNew Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island);
\nUS–Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas,
\n1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002);
\ntelephone \u00d5351\u00e5 (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there are US Consulates in
\nOporto and Ponta Delgada (Azores)<\/p>\n
Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
\n(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained
\nrecovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 4.7% in
\n1987, 4.1% in 1988, and 3.5% in 1989, largely because of strong domestic
\nconsumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the
\nthird consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times
\nthe European Community average. The government is pushing economic
\nrestructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992
\nEuropean Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe.<\/p>\n
GDP: $72.1 billion, per capita $6,900; real growth rate 3.5% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.8% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 5.9% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $19.0 billion; expenditures $22.2 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–cotton
\ntextiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
\nproducts, resin, machinery, appliances; partners–EC 72%, other
\ndeveloped countries 13%, US 6%<\/p>\n
Imports: $17.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–petroleum,
\ncotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals;
\npartners–EC 67%, other developed countries 13%, less developed countries
\n15%, US 4%<\/p>\n
External debt: $17.2 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 5.5% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced,
\n1,530 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork;
\nmetalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small
\ninefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops–grain,
\npotatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector–sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat,
\ndairy products<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $1.8 billion; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $998 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural–escudos);
\n1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1–149.15 (January 1990),
\n157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP)
\noperates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double
\ntrack), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified,
\ndouble track, privately owned<\/p>\n
Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and
\ncrushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km
\nimproved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national
\neconomy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity<\/p>\n
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas
\n(Azores), Setubal, Sines<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 50 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 576,654
\nGRT\/1,005,740 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 21 cargo,
\n2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on\/roll-off cargo,
\n10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker,
\n1 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note–Portugal has created
\na captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will
\nhave the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience;
\nalthough only one ship is currently known to fly the Portuguese flag on
\nthe MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships
\nwill transfer to this subregister in a few years<\/p>\n
Airports: 69 total, 64 usable; 37 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
\nrunways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,250,000
\ntelephones; stations–44 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine
\ncables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2
\nAtlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and
\nAzores)<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,583,782; 2,102,835 fit for military
\nservice; 88,384 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: $1.3 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nPuerto Rico
\n(commonwealth associated with the US)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 501 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 m;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north;
\nmountains precipitous to sea on west coast<\/p>\n
Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore
\nand offshore crude oil<\/p>\n
Land use: 8% arable land; 9% permanent crops; 51% meadows and pastures;
\n25% forest and woodland; 7% other<\/p>\n
Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure
\nland is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain
\nbelt in north<\/p>\n
Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin
\nIslands group along the Mona Passage–a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal;
\nSan Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 3,291,207 (July 1990), growth rate 0.1% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 19 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 11 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 17 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 76 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Puerto Rican(s); adjective–Puerto Rican<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic<\/p>\n
Religion: mostly Christian, 85% Roman Catholic, 15% Protestant
\ndenominations and other<\/p>\n
Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood<\/p>\n
Literacy: 89%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,062,000; 23% government, 20% trade, 18% manufacturing,
\n4% agriculture, 35% other (1988)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the
\nGeneral Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico<\/p>\n
Type: commonwealth associated with the US<\/p>\n
Capital: San Juan<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US)<\/p>\n
Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952;
\neffective 25 July 1952<\/p>\n
National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952)<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law<\/p>\n
Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper
\nhouse or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President George BUSH (since 20 January
\n1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989);<\/p>\n
Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January
\n1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael
\nHernandez Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Baltasar Corrado del Rio;
\nPuerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan Mari Bras and Carlos Gallisa;
\nPuerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben Berrios Martinez; Puerto
\nRican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US
\ncitizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nGovernor–last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
\n1992);
\nresults–Rafael Hernandez Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar Corrada Del Rio
\n(PNP) 45.8%, Ruben Barrios Martinez (PIP) 5.5%;<\/p>\n
Senate–last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held November
\n1992);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1;<\/p>\n
House of Representatives–last held 8 November 1988 (next to be
\nheld November 1992);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist
\nactivities–Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the
\nPuerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros),
\nArmed Forces of Popular Resistance<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US)<\/p>\n
Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with
\nwhite; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white
\nfive-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the
\nCaribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary
\nsector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free
\naccess to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily
\nin Puerto Rico since the 1970s. Important new industries include
\npharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed
\nfoods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other
\nlivestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural
\nsector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income
\nfor the island.<\/p>\n
GNP: $18.4 billion, per capita $5,574; real growth rate 4.9% (FY88)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 33% (December 1987-88)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 12.8% (December 1988)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $4.9 million; expenditures $4.9 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (FY88)<\/p>\n
Exports: $13.2 billion (f.o.b., FY88); commodities–sugar, coffee,
\npetroleum products, chemical, metal products, textiles, electronic equipment;
\npartners–US 87%<\/p>\n
Imports: $11.8 billion (c.i.f., FY88); commodities–chemicals,
\nclothing, food, fish products, crude oil; partners–US 60%<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (FY87)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,050 million kWh produced,
\n4,260 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: tourism, manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, chemicals,
\nfood processing, petroleum refining<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 4% of labor force; crops–sugarcane,
\ncoffee, pineapples, tobacco, bananas; livestock–cattle, chickens;
\nimports a large share of food needs<\/p>\n
Aid: none<\/p>\n
Currency: US currency is used<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: US currency is used<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane;
\nno passenger railroads<\/p>\n
Highways: 13,762 km paved<\/p>\n
Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo<\/p>\n
Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 2,000,000 radio receivers; 810,000 TV receivers;
\n769,140 telephones; stations–69 AM, 42 FM, 24 TV (1984)<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the US; paramilitary National
\nGuard; police force of 10,050 men and women (1984)
\n.pa
\nQatar
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 563 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: not specific;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: as delimited with neighboring states, or
\nto limit of shelf, or to median line;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: to median line;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 3 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with
\nBahrain over the Hawar Islands<\/p>\n
Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish<\/p>\n
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
\npastures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other<\/p>\n
Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater
\nresources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near
\nmajor crude oil sources<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 490,897 (July 1990), growth rate 5.7% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 22 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 3 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 38 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 25 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 73 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.2 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Qatari(s); adjective–Qatari<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani, 18% Indian, 10% Iranian,
\n14% other<\/p>\n
Religion: 95% Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language<\/p>\n
Literacy: 40%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: State of Qatar<\/p>\n
Type: traditional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Doha<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none<\/p>\n
Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970<\/p>\n
Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir,
\nalthough civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in
\npersonal matters<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–Amir and Prime Minister
\nKhalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad
\nbin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: none<\/p>\n
Suffrage: none<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nAdvisory Council–constitution calls for elections for part
\nof this consultative body, but no elections have been held;
\nseats–(30 total)<\/p>\n
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
\nIDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
\nNAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz
\nAL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington
\nDC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111;
\nUS–Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at Fariq Bin Omran
\n(opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399,
\nDoha); telephone \u00d5974\u00e5 864701 through 864703<\/p>\n
Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the
\nhoist side<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for 90% of
\nexport earnings and more than 80% of government revenues. Proved oil
\nreserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current
\nlevels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about
\n$17,000, among the highest in the world.<\/p>\n
GDP: $5.4 billion, per capita $17,070; real growth rate 9.0% (1987)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (1987)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including
\ncapital expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–petroleum
\nproducts 90%, steel, fertilizers; partners–France, FRG, Italy, Japan,
\nSpain<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1988 est.), excluding military equipment;
\ncommodities–foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals,
\nmachinery and equipment; partners–EC, Japan, Arab countries, US,
\nAustralia<\/p>\n
External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced,
\n8,540 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers,
\npetrochemicals, steel, cement<\/p>\n
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP;
\ncommercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-
\n88)<\/p>\n
Currency: Qatari riyal (plural–riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1–3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or
\nnatural surface (est.)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km<\/p>\n
Ports: Doha, Musayid, Halul Island<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 273,318 GRT\/420,227
\nDWT; includes 7 cargo, 3 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL)
\ntanker<\/p>\n
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
\n1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones;
\ntropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to
\nBahrain and UAE; stations–2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; satellite earth stations–1
\nAtlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 255,474; 120,614 fit for military service;
\n3,982 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nReunion
\n(overseas department of France)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 201 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from
\nMay to November, hot and rainy from November to April<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, arable land<\/p>\n
Land use: 20% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 4% meadows and
\npastures; 35% forest and woodland; 39% other; includes 2% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: periodic devastating cyclones<\/p>\n
Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 595,583 (July 1990), growth rate 1.9% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 24 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective–Reunionese<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African,
\nMalagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry<\/p>\n
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: French (official); Creole widely used<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%, but over 80% among younger generation<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA; 30% agriculture, 21% industry, 49% services (1981);
\n63% of population of working age (1983)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Department of Reunion<\/p>\n
Type: overseas department of France<\/p>\n
Capital: Saint-Denis<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (overseas department of France)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)<\/p>\n
Legal system: French law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: French president, Commissioner of the Republic<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional
\nCouncil<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d’appel)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Francois MITTERRAND
\n(since 21 May 1981);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN
\n(since September 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR),
\nFrancois Mas; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert Gerard; Communist
\nParty of Reunion (PCR); France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre Thien Ah Koon;
\nSocialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude Fruteau; Social Democrats (CDS), other
\nsmall parties<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nRegional Council–last held 16 March 1986
\n(next to be held March 1991);
\nresults–RPR\/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%,
\nPS 14.1%, other 3.6%;
\nseats–(45 total) RPR\/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6;<\/p>\n
French Senate–last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held
\nSeptember 1992);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1;<\/p>\n
French National Assembly–last held 5 and 12 June 1988
\n(next to be held June 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1<\/p>\n
Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters,
\nthe minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the
\ndistrict of Le Port<\/p>\n
Member of: WFTU<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese
\ninterests are represented in the US by France<\/p>\n
Flag: the flag of France is used<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture.
\nSugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years
\nit accounts for 85% of exports. The government is pushing the development
\nof a tourist industry to relieve a high unemployment rate that was over 30%
\nin 1986. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued
\nfinancial assistance from France.<\/p>\n
GDP: $2.4 billion, per capita $4,290 (1985);
\nreal growth rate 9% (1987 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.8% (1987)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 32.0%; high seasonal unemployment (1986)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $NA (1986)<\/p>\n
Exports: $136 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities–sugar 75%, rum
\nand molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, vanilla and tea 1%;
\npartners–France, Mauritius, Bahrain, S. Africa, Italy<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.1 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities–manufactured
\ngoods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw
\nmaterials, and petroleum products; partners–France, Mauritius, Bahrain,
\nSouth Africa, Italy<\/p>\n
External debt: NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced,
\n965 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing
\nhandicraft items<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy;
\ncash crops–sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops–tropical fruits,
\nvegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $13.5 billion<\/p>\n
Currency: French franc (plural–francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1–5.7598 (January 1990),
\n6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or
\nstabilized earth<\/p>\n
Ports: Pointe des Galets<\/p>\n
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and
\nradio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to
\nComoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius;
\n85,900 telephones; stations–3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV;
\n1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nMilitary manpower: males 15-49, 158,812; 82,400 fit for military
\nservice; 6,075 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Note: defense is the responsibility of France
\n.pa
\nRomania
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km,
\nUSSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 225 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: Transylvania question with Hungary; Bessarabia question
\nwith USSR<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
\nsunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms<\/p>\n
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of
\nMoldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
\nWalachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber,
\nnatural gas, coal, iron ore, salt<\/p>\n
Land use: 43% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 19% meadows and
\npastures; 28% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 11% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest;
\ngeologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south<\/p>\n
Note: controls most easily traversable land route between
\nthe Balkans and western USSR<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 23,273,285 (July 1990), growth rate 0.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 16 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 1 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Romanian(s); adjective–Romanian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 89.1% Romanian; 7.8% Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6%
\nUkrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy<\/p>\n
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist,
\nLutheran, Jewish, Baptist<\/p>\n
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German<\/p>\n
Literacy: 98%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 10,690,000; 34% industry, 28% agriculture, 38% other (1987)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system
\norganized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR)
\nunder control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu’s overthrow,
\nnewly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining two rival
\numbrella organizations–Organization of Free Trade Unions and Fratia
\n(Brotherhood)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: former Communist state; current multiparty provisional
\ngovernment has scheduled a general democratic election for 20 May 1990<\/p>\n
Capital: Bucharest<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular–judet) and
\n1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
\nBistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,
\nBuzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
\nDimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita,
\nIasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj,
\nSatu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea<\/p>\n
Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947<\/p>\n
Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted<\/p>\n
Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist
\nlegal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being
\nrevised; Communist regime had not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;
\nProvisional Council of National Unity will probably accept ICJ
\njurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August (1944); new national
\nday to commemorate popular anti-Ceausescu uprising under discussion<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, and
\nCouncil of Ministers (cabinet) appointed by provisional government<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house
\nor Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies
\n(Adunarea Deputatilor)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President of Provisional Council of National Unity
\nIon ILIESCU (since 23 December 1989);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister of Council of Ministers
\nPetre ROMAN (since 23 December 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party,
\nSergiu Cunescu; National Liberal Party, Radu Cimpeanu; National Christian
\nPeasants Party, Corneliu Coposu; Free Democratic Social Justice Party,
\nGheorghe Susana; several others being formed; Communist Party has ceased
\nto exist; formation of left-wing parties is uncertain<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nSenate–elections for the new upper house to be held 20 May 1990;<\/p>\n
House of Deputies–elections for the new lower house to be held
\n20 May 1990<\/p>\n
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased
\nto exist<\/p>\n
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO,
\nIFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
\nPact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU;
\nChancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
\n(202) 232-4747; US–Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr., recalled to
\nWashington May 1990; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
\n(mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone \u00d540\u00e5 (0) 10-40-40<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
\nred; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
\nband, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force
\nand generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and
\npersistent shortages of energy. In recent years the agricultural sector
\nhas had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs.
\nFavorable weather in 1989 helped produce a good harvest, although far
\nbelow government claims. The new government is slowly loosening the tight
\ncentral controls of Ceausescu’s command economy. It has instituted
\nmoderate land reforms, with close to one-third of cropland now in
\nprivate hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private
\nagricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the
\nestablishment of private enterprises of 20 or fewer employees in
\nservices, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Furthermore, the
\ngovernment has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic
\nconsumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government
\ndoes not seem willing to adopt a thorough-going market system.<\/p>\n
GNP: $79.8 billion, per capita $3,445; real growth rate – 1.5%
\n(1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0% (1987)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $21.6 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $13.6 billion (1987)<\/p>\n
Exports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–machinery and
\nequipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods
\n16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
\npartners–USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)<\/p>\n
Imports: $8.75 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–fuels, minerals,
\nand metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry
\nproducts 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
\npartners–Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: none (mid-1989)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 22,640,000 kW capacity; 80,000 million kWh produced,
\n3,440 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
\nchemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major
\nwheat and corn producer; other products–sugar beets, sunflower seed,
\npotatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–$4.3 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less
\ndeveloped countries (1956-88)<\/p>\n
Currency: leu (plural–lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1–20.96 (February 1990), 14.922 (1989),
\n14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 11,221 km total; 10,755 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 421 km
\nnarrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,328 km electrified, 3,060 km double track;
\ngovernment owned (1986)<\/p>\n
Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block;
\n20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved
\nsurfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural
\ngas<\/p>\n
Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu,
\nDrobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 282 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,313,320
\nGRT\/5,134,335 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 184 cargo, 1 container,
\n1 rail-car carrier, 14 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier,
\n10 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 70 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
\n15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: stations–39 AM, 30 FM, 38 TV; 3,910,000 TV sets;
\n3,225,000 radio receivers; satellite earth stations–1 Indian Ocean
\nINTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Romanian Army, Security Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
\nRomanian Navy<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,736,783; 4,860,427 fit for military
\nservice; 193,537 reach military age (20) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 11.8 billion lei, 2.8% of total budget (1989);
\nnote–conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the official
\nadministratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results
\n.pa
\nRwanda
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km,
\nUganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
\nto January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west<\/p>\n
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten
\nore), natural gas, hydropower<\/p>\n
Land use: 29% arable land; 11% permanent crops; 18% meadows and
\npastures; 10% forest and woodland; 32% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion;
\nperiodic droughts<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 7,609,119 (July 1990), growth rate 3.8% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 53 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 15 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 113 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 8.5 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun and adjective–Rwandan(s)<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%<\/p>\n
Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
\nindigenous beliefs and other 25%<\/p>\n
Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial
\ncenters<\/p>\n
Literacy: 46.6%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 3,600,000; 93% agriculture, 5% government and services,
\n2% industry and commerce; 49% of population of working age (1985)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Rwanda<\/p>\n
Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key
\noffices<\/p>\n
Capital: Kigali<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures,
\nsingular–prefecture in French; plural–NA, singular–prefegitura in
\nKinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo,
\nKibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri<\/p>\n
Constitution: 17 December 1978<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
\nadministration)<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary
\nlaw; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil pour
\nle Developpement National)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation
\nand the Council of State in joint session)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Maj. Gen.
\nJuvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–National Revolutionary
\nMovement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana
\n(officially a development movement, not a party)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December
\n1993); results–President Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana reelected;<\/p>\n
National Development Council–last held 19 December 1988 (next
\nto be held December 1993);
\nresults–MRND is the only party;
\nseats–(70 total); MRND 70<\/p>\n
Communists: no Communist party<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, EAMA, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
\nIFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
\nUPU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at
\n1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882;
\nUS–Ambassador Leonard H. O. SPEARMAN, Sr.; Embassy at Boulevard de la
\nRevolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali);
\ntelephone \u00d5205\u00e5 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green
\nwith a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
\npan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain
\nyellow band<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: About 40% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee
\nand tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited,
\nhowever, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The
\nindustrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing less than 20% to GDP.
\nManufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products.
\nThe Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid,
\nwith no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have
\ncaused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline.<\/p>\n
GDP: $2.3 billion, per capita $325; real growth rate – 2.5% (1988
\nest.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3% (1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $413 million; expenditures $522 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $230 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $118 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–coffee 85%, tea,
\ntin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum; partners–FRG, Belgium, Italy,
\nUganda, UK, France, US<\/p>\n
Imports: $278 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–textiles,
\nfoodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products,
\ncement and construction material; partners–US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan<\/p>\n
External debt: $645 million (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced,
\n15 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten
\nore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production,
\nsoap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes<\/p>\n
Agriculture: cash crops–coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made
\nfrom chrysanthemums); main food crops–bananas, beans, sorghum,
\npotatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports
\nfoodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth
\nin population<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $118 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.7 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$58 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Rwandan franc (plural–francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100
\ncentimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1–78.99 (December 1989),
\n79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and\/or improved
\nearth, 2,700 km unimproved<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native
\ncraft<\/p>\n
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system
\ncentered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations–2 AM, 5 FM, no TV;
\nsatellite earth stations–1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, paramilitary, Gendarmerie<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,586,989; 810,560 fit for military
\nservice; no conscription<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2.1% of GDP (1987)
\n.pa
\nSt. Helena
\n(dependent territory of the UK)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island,
\nInaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 60 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds<\/p>\n
Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles
\nand sooty terns; no minerals<\/p>\n
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
\n3% forest and woodland; 83% other<\/p>\n
Environment: very few perennial streams<\/p>\n
Note: Napoleon Bonaparte’s place of exile and burial; the remains
\nwere taken to Paris in 1840<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 6,657 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 13 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NEGl migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–St. Helenian(s); adjective–St. Helenian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: NA<\/p>\n
Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
\nand Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: English<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%, but probably high<\/p>\n
Labor force: NA<\/p>\n
Organized labor: St. Helena General Workers’ Union, 472 members;
\n17% crafts, 10% professional and technical, 10% service, 9% management and
\nclerical, 9% farming and fishing, 6% transport, 5% sales, 1% security, and
\n33% other<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: dependent territory of the UK<\/p>\n
Capital: Jamestown<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*;
\nAscension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha<\/p>\n
Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 1 January 1967<\/p>\n
Legal system: NA<\/p>\n
National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second
\nSaturday in June), 10 June 1989<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Governor and Commander in Chief Robert
\nF. STIMSON (since 1987)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: St. Helena Labor Party, G. A. O.
\nThornton; St. Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note–both
\npolitical parties inactive since 1976<\/p>\n
Suffrage: NA<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nLegislative Council–last held October 1984 (next to be held NA);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA<\/p>\n
Communists: probably none<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK)<\/p>\n
Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
\nthe St. Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield
\nfeatures a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance
\nfrom the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing,
\nthe rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are
\nfew jobs, a large proportion of the work force have left to seek employment
\noverseas.<\/p>\n
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): – 1.1% (1986)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of NA (1984)<\/p>\n
Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984); commodities–fish (frozen
\nskipjack, tuna, salt-dried skipjack), handicrafts; partners–South Africa,
\nUK<\/p>\n
Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984); commodities–food,
\nbeverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor
\nvehicles and parts, machinery and parts; partners–UK, South Africa<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced,
\n1,390 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish<\/p>\n
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being
\ndeveloped; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $168 million<\/p>\n
Currency: St. Helenian pound (plural–pounds);
\n1 St. Helenian pound (LS) = 100 pence<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: St. Helenian pounds (LS) per US$1–0.6055
\n(January 1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986),
\n0.7714 (1985); note–the St. Helenian pound is at par with the British pound<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads on St. Helena;
\n80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed on Tristan da Cunha<\/p>\n
Ports: Jamestown (St. Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 3,150 GRT\/2,264 DWT<\/p>\n
Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations–1 AM,
\nno FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension,
\nthen into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial
\ncable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2
\nAtlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of the UK
\n.pa
\nSt. Kitts and Nevis
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 360 km2; land area: 360 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 135 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal
\ntemperature variation; rainy season (May to November)<\/p>\n
Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors<\/p>\n
Natural resources: negligible<\/p>\n
Land use: 22% arable land; 17% permanent crops; 3% meadows and
\npastures; 17% forest and woodland; 41% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October)<\/p>\n
Note: located 320 km southeast of Puerto Rico<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 40,157 (July 1990), growth rate 0.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 24 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 10 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 11 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective–Kittsian, Nevisian<\/p>\n
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: English<\/p>\n
Literacy: 80%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 20,000 (1981)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 6,700<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis<\/p>\n
Type: constitutional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Basseterre<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town,
\nSaint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland,
\nSaint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary
\nCayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre,
\nSaint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point<\/p>\n
Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 19 September 1983<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
\ndeputy prime minister, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (sometimes referred to as
\nthe National Assembly)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
\nby Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983,
\npreviously Governor General of the Associated State since November 1981);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS
\n(since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since
\nFebruary 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: People’s Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy
\nSimmonds; St. Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee Moore; Nevis
\nReformation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM),
\nVance Amory<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal adult at age NA<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nHouse of Assembly–last held 21 March 1989
\n(next to be held by 21 March 1994);
\nseats–(14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1<\/p>\n
Communists: none known<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, IBRD, IMF, ISO, OAS, OECS, UN<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission),
\nCharge d’Affaires ad interim Erstein M. EDWARDS; Chancery at Suite 540,
\n2501 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550;
\nUS–none<\/p>\n
Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band
\nbearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the
\nupper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and
\nprocessing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In
\nrecent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed
\nlarger roles.<\/p>\n
GDP: $119 million, per capita $3,240; real growth rate 6%
\n(1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.9% (1987)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 20-25% (1987)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $38.5 million; expenditures $45.0 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $15.8 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $30.3 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–sugar,
\nmanufactures, postage stamps; partners–US 44%, UK 30%, Trinidad and
\nTobago 12% (1987)<\/p>\n
Imports: $94.7 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–foodstuffs,
\nintermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels; partners–US 35%, UK 18%,
\nTrinidad and Tobago 10%, Canada 6%, Japan 4% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $27.6 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 5.8% (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced,
\n1,120 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra,
\nclothing, footwear, beverages<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; cash crop–sugarcane; subsistence
\ncrops–rice, yams, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food
\nimported<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $13.6 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $46 million<\/p>\n
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1–2.70 (fixed
\nrate since 1976)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge on St. Kitts for sugarcane<\/p>\n
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km
\nunimproved earth<\/p>\n
Ports: Basseterre (St. Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\nnone with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF\/UHF\/SHF radio connections and
\ninternational link via Antigua and Barbuda and St. Martin; 2,400 telephones;
\nstations–2 AM, no FM, 4 TV<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Royal St. Kitts and Nevis Police Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSt. Lucia
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 620 km2; land area: 610 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 158 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds;
\ndry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August<\/p>\n
Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys<\/p>\n
Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral
\nsprings, geothermal potential<\/p>\n
Land use: 8% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 5% meadows and
\npastures; 13% forest and woodland; 54% other; includes 2% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity;
\ndeforestation; soil erosion<\/p>\n
Note: located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 153,196 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 33 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 2 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–St. Lucian(s); adjective–St. Lucian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent, 5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian,
\n0.8% Caucasian<\/p>\n
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 3% Anglican<\/p>\n
Language: English (official), French patois<\/p>\n
Literacy: 78%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 43,800; 43.4% agriculture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry
\nand commerce (1983 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 20% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: parliamentary democracy<\/p>\n
Capital: Castries<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 11 parishes; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul,
\nDauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort<\/p>\n
Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 22 February 1979<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
\nCabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper
\nhouse or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
\nby Governor General Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since
\n3 May 1982)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: United Workers’ Party (UWP), John Compton;
\nSt. Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George
\nOdlum<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nHouse of Assembly–last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held
\nApril 1992);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7<\/p>\n
Communists: negligible<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, OECS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS;
\nChancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington DC 30037;
\ntelephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a St. Lucian Consulate General
\nin New York;
\nUS–none<\/p>\n
Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the
\nupper edges of the arrowhead have a white border<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average
\nannual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist
\nindustry sectors. There is also an expanding industrial base supported by
\nforeign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data
\nprocessing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important
\nagricultural sector is dominated by banana production. St. Lucia is subject
\nto periodic droughts and\/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement
\nwith the UK for bananas may end in 1992.<\/p>\n
GDP: $172 million, per capita $1,258; real growth rate 6.8% (1988
\nest.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.0% (1987)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 18.6% (1986)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $71.7 million; expenditures $79.3 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $19.6 million (1987)<\/p>\n
Exports: $76.8 million (f.o.b., 1987); commodities–bananas 67%,
\ncocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil, clothing; partners–UK 55%,
\nCARICOM 21%, US 18%, other 6%<\/p>\n
Imports: $178.1 million (c.i.f., 1987); commodities–manufactured
\ngoods 22%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%, food and live animals
\n20%, mineral fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum
\nproducts; partners–US 33%, UK 16%, CARICOM 14.8%, Japan 6.5%, other 29.7%<\/p>\n
External debt: $39.5 million (December 1987)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 2.4% (1987)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 20,000 kW capacity; 80 million kWh produced,
\n530 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages,
\ncorrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 43% of labor force;
\ncrops–bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa;
\nimports food for the tourist industry<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $4 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $93 million<\/p>\n
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1–2.70 (fixed rate
\nsince 1976)<\/p>\n
Fiscal Year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved<\/p>\n
Ports: Castries<\/p>\n
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n1 with runways 1,220-2,439<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones;
\ndirect radio relay link with Martinique and St. Vincent and the Grenadines;
\ninterisland troposcatter link to Barbados; stations–4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable)<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSt. Pierre and Miquelon
\n(territorial collectivity of France)
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 242 km2; land area: 242 km2; includes eight small islands
\nin the St. Pierre and the Miquelon groups<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 120 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 12 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and
\nFrance<\/p>\n
Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly barren rock<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports<\/p>\n
Land use: 13% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n4% forest and woodland; 83% other<\/p>\n
Environment: vegetation scanty<\/p>\n
Note: located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the
\nNorth Atlantic Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 6,330 (July 1990), growth rate 0.4% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 17 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 6 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 79 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective–French<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)<\/p>\n
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: French<\/p>\n
Literacy: NA%, but compulsory education between 6 and 16 years of age<\/p>\n
Labor force: 2,510 (1982)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: Workers’ Force trade union<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon<\/p>\n
Type: territorial collectivity of France<\/p>\n
Capital: St. Pierre<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France)<\/p>\n
Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution)<\/p>\n
Legal system: French law<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 14 July<\/p>\n
Executive branch: commissioner of the Republic<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral General Council<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur
\nd’Appel)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE
\n(since February 1989); President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENEST
\n(since NA)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS);
\nUnion for French Democracy (UDF\/CDS), Gerard Grignon<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nGeneral Council–last held September-October 1988 (next to be
\nheld September 1994);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and
\nright-wing parties 6;<\/p>\n
French President–last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995);
\nresults–(second ballot) Jacques Chirac 56%, Francois Mitterrand 44%;<\/p>\n
French Senate–last held 24 September 1989 (next
\nto be held September 1992);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(1 total) PS 1;<\/p>\n
French National Assembly–last held 5 and 12 June 1988
\n(next to be held June 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(1 total) UDF\/CDS 1<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France,
\nlocal interests are represented in the US by France<\/p>\n
Flag: the flag of France is used<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood
\nby fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of
\nNewfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number
\nof ships stopping at St. Pierre has steadily dropped over the years. In
\nMarch 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for
\nSt. Pierre’s trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for
\nthree years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had
\nvirtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily
\nsubsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada.<\/p>\n
GDP: $NA, per capita $2,495 (1984); real growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 13.3% (1987)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $NA million; expenditures $13.9 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (1988)<\/p>\n
Exports: $23.3 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities–fish and fish
\nproducts, fox and mink pelts; partners–US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%,
\nCanada, Portugal<\/p>\n
Imports: $50.3 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities–meat, clothing,
\nfuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials;
\npartners–Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced,
\n3,970 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: fishing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism<\/p>\n
Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local
\nconsumption; fish catch, 14,750 metric tons (1986)<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1970-87), $477 million<\/p>\n
Currency: French franc (plural–francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1–5.7598 (January 1990),
\n6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 120 km total; 60 kM paved (1985)<\/p>\n
Ports: St. Pierre<\/p>\n
Civil air: Air Saint-Pierre<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways,
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; stations–1 AM, 3 FM, no TV;
\nradiotelecommunication with most countries in the world; 1 satellite earth
\nstation in French domestic system<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nNote: defense is the responsibility of France
\n.pa
\nSt. Vincent and the Grenadines
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 340 km2; land area: 340 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 84 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation;
\nrainy season (May to November)<\/p>\n
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of
\nSt. Vincent<\/p>\n
Natural resources: negligible<\/p>\n
Land use: 38% arable land; 12% permanent crops; 6% meadows and
\npastures; 41% forest and woodland; 3% other; includes 3% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant
\nthreat<\/p>\n
Note: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 112,646 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 27 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 6 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 8 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 32 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives–St.
\nVincentian or Vincentian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with
\nsome white, East Indian, Carib Indian<\/p>\n
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist<\/p>\n
Language: English, some French patois<\/p>\n
Literacy: 82%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 10% of labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: constitutional monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Kingstown<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines,
\nSaint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick<\/p>\n
Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 27 October 1979<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
\nCabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly (includes 15 elected
\nrepresentatives and six appointed senators)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
\nby Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son)
\nMitchell; St. Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent Beach; United People’s
\nMovement (UPM), Adrian Saunders; Movement for National Unity (MNU),
\nRalph Gonsalves; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel Miguel<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nHouse of Assembly–last held 16 May 1989
\n(next to be held July 1994);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(15 total) NDP 15<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
\nIDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, OAS, OECS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: none<\/p>\n
Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and
\ngreen; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most
\nimportant sector of the economy, providing employment for over 60% of the labor
\nforce and contributing about 20% to GDP. The services sector is next in
\nimportance, based mostly on a growing tourist industry. The economy
\ncontinues to have a high unemployment rate of 30% because of an
\noverdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner.
\nGovernment progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively
\nunsuccessful.<\/p>\n
GDP: $136 million, per capita $1,305; real growth rate 8.4% (1988)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.0% (1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 30% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $42.7 million; expenditures $67.5 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $25.8 (FY88)<\/p>\n
Exports: $63.8 million (f.o.b., 1986); commodities–bananas,
\neddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, copra;
\npartners–CARICOM 60%, UK 27%, US 10%<\/p>\n
Imports: $87.3 million (c.i.f., 1986); commodities–foodstuffs,
\nmachinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels;
\npartners–US 37%, CARICOM 18%, UK 13%<\/p>\n
External debt: $35 million (July 1987)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 1.2% (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced,
\n610 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, rum,
\nstarch, sheet metal, beverage<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk
\nof exports; products–bananas, arrowroot (world’s largest producer), coconuts,
\nsweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish
\ncatch used locally<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $71 million<\/p>\n
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1–2.70 (fixed rate
\nsince 1976)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km
\nunimproved<\/p>\n
Ports: Kingstown<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 175 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,945
\nGRT\/2,029,935 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 103 cargo,
\n10 container, 8 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo,
\n9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker,
\n2 liquefied gas, 28 bulk, 4 combination bulk; note–a flag of convenience
\nregistry<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system;
\n6,500 telephones; VHF\/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines;
\nnew SHF links to Grenada and St. Lucia; stations–2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Royal St. Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSan Marino
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundary: 39 km with Italy<\/p>\n
Coastline: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: none–landlocked<\/p>\n
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers<\/p>\n
Terrain: rugged mountains<\/p>\n
Natural resources: building stones<\/p>\n
Land use: 17% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n0% forest and woodland; 83% other<\/p>\n
Environment: dominated by the Appenines<\/p>\n
Note: landlocked; world’s smallest republic; enclave of Italy<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 23,123 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 8 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 5 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Sanmarinese (sing. and pl.); adjective–Sanmarinese<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Sanmarinese, Italian<\/p>\n
Religion: Roman Catholic<\/p>\n
Language: Italian<\/p>\n
Literacy: 97%<\/p>\n
Labor force: about 4,300<\/p>\n
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated
\nwith ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of
\nLabor, 1,400 members<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of San Marino<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: San Marino<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular–castello);
\nAcquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino,
\nMonte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle<\/p>\n
Independence: 301 (by tradition)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
\nfunctions of a constitution<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences;
\nhas not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic,
\n3 September<\/p>\n
Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real
\nexecutive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the
\nsecretary of state for internal affairs<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand and General Council (Consiglio
\nGrande e Generale)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nCo-Chiefs of State and Co-Heads of Government–Captain Regent Salvatori
\nREVES (since April 1989) and Captain Regent Luciano CARDELLI (since April 1989);
\nCaptains Regent are elected for six-month terms<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS),
\nGabriele Gatti; Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto Ghiotti; Socialist Unity Party
\n(PSU), Emilio Della Balda and Patrizia Busignani; San Marino Socialist Party
\n(PSS), Antonio Volpinari; San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS),
\nAugusto Casali; San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo Buscarini<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nGrand and General Council–last held 29 May 1988
\n(next to be held by May 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7<\/p>\n
Communists: about 300 members; the PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU,
\nand PSDS, has led the government since 1978<\/p>\n
Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced
\nby policies of their counterparts in Italy<\/p>\n
Member of: ICJ, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer
\nstatus in NAM<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: San Marino maintains honorary
\nConsulates General in Washington and New York, and an honorary Consulate
\nin Detroit;
\nUS–no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence
\n(Italy) is accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at
\n38 Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, Florence, Italy (mailing address is APO
\nNY 09019); telephone \u00d539\u00e5 (55) 298-276<\/p>\n
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
\nnational coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield
\n(featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and
\nabove a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy relies heavily on the tourist industry as a source
\nof revenue. More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about
\n60% to GDP. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another
\nimportant income producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the
\nlabor force and agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output
\nand standard of living are comparable to northern Italy.<\/p>\n
GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.4% (1986)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1985)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including
\ncapital expenditures of $NA (1983)<\/p>\n
Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity
\ntrade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
\nwheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
\nmanufactures<\/p>\n
Imports: see Exports<\/p>\n
External debt: $NA<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: supplied by Italy<\/p>\n
Industries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourist<\/p>\n
Agriculture: employs less than 4% of labor force; products–wheat, grapes,
\ncorn, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses;
\ndepends on Italy for food imports<\/p>\n
Aid: NA<\/p>\n
Currency: Italian lira (plural–lire);
\n1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also mints its own coins<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1–1,262.5 (January 1990),
\n1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 104 km<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 11,700 telephones;
\nstations–no AM, 20 FM, no TV; radio relay and cable links into Italian
\nnetworks; no communication satellite facilities<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: public security or police force of less than 50 people<\/p>\n
Military manpower: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can
\nserve as an army<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSao Tome and Principe
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 209 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)<\/p>\n
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish<\/p>\n
Land use: 1% arable land; 20% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
\n75% forest and woodland; 3% other<\/p>\n
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion<\/p>\n
Note: located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator
\nin the North Atlantic Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 124,765 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 38 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Sao Tomean(s); adjective–Sao Tomean<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves),
\nforros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola,
\nMozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands),
\nand Europeans (primarily Portuguese)<\/p>\n
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist<\/p>\n
Language: Portuguese (official)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 50% (est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence
\nagriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
\n56% of population of working age (1983)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Sao Tome<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular–concelho);
\nPrincipe, Sao Tome<\/p>\n
Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not
\naccepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
\n(cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National People’s Assembly, sometimes
\nreferred to as the National Popular Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President Dr. Manuel Pinto da COSTA (since 12 July 1975);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Celestino Rocha da COSTA (since
\n8 January 1988)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–Movement for the
\nLiberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Dr. Manuel Pinto da Costa<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 30 September 1985 (next to be held September
\n1990);
\nresults–President Dr. Manuel Pinto da Costa was reelected without
\nopposition by the National People’s Assembly;<\/p>\n
National People’s Assembly–last held 30 September 1985 (next to be
\nheld September 1990);
\nresults–MLSTP is the only party;
\nseats–(40 total) MLSTP 40 (indirectly elected)<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
\nIFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery
\n(temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504, New York, NY 10017;
\ntelephone (212) 697-4211;
\nUS–the US Ambassador in Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe
\non a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands<\/p>\n
Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
\ngreen with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the
\nyellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the
\npopular pan-African colors of Ethiopia<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the
\ngained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa
\nproduction has gradually deteriorated because of drought and
\nmismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of
\nits former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has
\ncreated a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less
\nimportant crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has
\nalso declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of
\nexports by a ratio of 4 to 1. The emphasis on cocoa production at
\nthe expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import
\n90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured
\ngoods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external
\ndebt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable
\npotential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the
\ngovernment has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The
\ngovernment also implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to
\nrestructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in
\ncooperation with the International Development Association and Western
\nlenders.<\/p>\n
GDP: $37.9 million, per capita $340; real growth rate 1.8% (1986)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.2% (1986)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $19.2 million; expenditures $25.1 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $19.9 million (1987)<\/p>\n
Exports: $9.1 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities–cocoa 90%,
\ncopra, coffee, palm oil; partners–FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China<\/p>\n
Imports: $17.3 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities–machinery
\nand electrical equipment 59%, food products 32%, fuels 9%;
\npartners–Portugal, GDR, Angola, China<\/p>\n
External debt: $95 million (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced,
\n100 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries,
\nshrimp processing<\/p>\n
Agriculture: dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash
\ncrops–cocoa (90%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products–bananas,
\npapaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $7 million;
\nWestern (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87),
\n41.9 million<\/p>\n
Currency: dobra (plural–dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1–122.48 (December 1988),
\n72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986), 41.195 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly
\nunpaved and in need of repair<\/p>\n
Ports: Sao Tome, Santo Antonio<\/p>\n
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: minimal system; 2,200 telephones; stations–1 AM,
\n2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 27,805; 14,662 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 1.6% of GDP (1980)
\n.pa
\nSaudi Arabia
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 2,149,690 km2; land area: 2,149,690 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of US<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 4,410 km total; Iraq 488 km, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral
\nZone 198 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km,
\nPDRY 830 km, YAR 628 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 2,510 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 18 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: not specific;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: not specific;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: no defined boundaries with PDRY, UAE, and YAR;
\nshares Neutral Zone with Iraq–in July 1975, Iraq and Saudi Arabia
\nsigned an agreement to divide the zone between them, but the agreement
\nmust be ratified, however, before it becomes effective; Kuwaiti
\nownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia<\/p>\n
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert<\/p>\n
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper<\/p>\n
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures;
\n1% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing
\nextensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
\nleverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 17,115,728 (July 1990), growth rate 4.4% (1990); note–the
\npopulation figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of
\n1974 reported a total of 7 million persons and includes foreign workers, while
\nestimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 37 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 13 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 71 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 67 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.8 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Saudi(s); adjective–Saudi or Saudi Arabian<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian<\/p>\n
Religion: 100% Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: Arabic<\/p>\n
Literacy: 52%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 4,200,000; about 60% are foreign workers; 34% government,
\n28% industry and oil, 22% services, and 16% agriculture<\/p>\n
Organized labor: trade unions are illegal<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia<\/p>\n
Type: monarchy<\/p>\n
Capital: Riyadh<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 14 emirates (imarat, singular–imarah);
\nAl Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah,
\nAl Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Asir,
\nHail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk<\/p>\n
Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification)<\/p>\n
Constitution: none; governed according to Sharia (Islamic law)<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been
\nintroduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy
\nprime minister, Council of Ministers<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: none<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–King and Prime Minister
\nFAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982);
\nCrown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al
\nSaud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982)<\/p>\n
Suffrage: none<\/p>\n
Elections: none<\/p>\n
Communists: negligible<\/p>\n
Member of: Arab League, CCC, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
\nINTERPOL, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC,
\nUN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at
\n601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800;
\nthere are Saudi Arabian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and
\nNew York;
\nUS–Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN; Embassy at Collector Road M,
\nDiplomatic Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is P. O. Box 9041, Riyadh 11143,
\nor APO New York 09038); telephone \u00d5966\u00e5 (1) 488-3800; there are US Consulates
\nGeneral in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah)<\/p>\n
Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated
\nas There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a
\nwhite horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the
\ntraditional color of Islam<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: By far the most important economic activity is the production of
\npetroleum and petroleum products. The petroleum sector accounts for about 85% of
\nbudget revenues, 80% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has
\nthe largest reserves of petroleum in the world, is the largest exporter of
\npetroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. Oil wealth has provided a per
\ncapita GDP that is comparable to most industrialized countries. Saudi Arabia is
\none of the few countries where consumer prices have been dropping or showing
\nlittle change in recent years.<\/p>\n
GDP: $73 billion, per capita $4,720; real growth rate 3.2% (1988)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 0% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $31.5 billion; expenditures $38.1 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (1990)<\/p>\n
Exports: $24.5 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities–petroleum
\nand petroleum products 89%; partners–Japan 26%, US 26%, France 6%,
\nBahrain 6%<\/p>\n
Imports: $21.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
\ncommodities–manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction
\nmaterials, processed food products; partners–US 20%, Japan 18%, UK 16%,
\nItaly 11%<\/p>\n
External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 6.1% (1980-86)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 25,066,000 kW capacity; 50,000 million kWh produced,
\n3,100 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic
\npetrochemicals, cement, small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer,
\nplastic<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest
\ngrowing economic sector; subsidized by government; products–wheat, barley,
\ntomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching
\nself-sufficiency in food<\/p>\n
Aid: donor–pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89)<\/p>\n
Currency: Saudi riyal (plural–riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1–3.7450 (fixed rate since late
\n1986), 3.7033 (1986), 3.6221 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge<\/p>\n
Highways: 74,000 km total; 35,000 km bituminous, 39,000 km gravel and
\nimproved earth<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km refined products; 2,200 km natural
\ngas, includes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids<\/p>\n
Ports: Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al
\nBahr, Yanbu al Sinaiyah<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 94 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,988,322
\nGRT\/3,474,788 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger,
\n1 passenger-cargo, 15 cargo, 12 roll-on\/roll-off cargo, 3 container,
\n6 refrigerated cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 32 petroleum, oils, and lubricants
\n(POL) tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore\/oil,
\n1 specialized tanker, 3 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 182 major transport aircraft available<\/p>\n
Airports: 204 total, 179 usable; 66 with permanent-surface runways; 13
\nwith runways over 3,659 m; 33 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 98 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: good system with extensive microwave and coaxial
\ncable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; stations–21 AM, 16 FM, 97 TV;
\nradio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, YAR, and Sudan;
\ncoaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine cable to Djibouti and Egypt; satellite
\nearth stations–3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
\n1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi
\nAir Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Force, Saudi Arabian National Guard,
\nCoast Guard and Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force,
\nSpecial Emergency Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,437,039; 3,606,344 fit for military
\nservice; 159,186 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 16.9% of GDP, or $12.3 billion (1990 est.)
\n.pa
\nSenegal
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 196,190 km2; land area: 192,000 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km,
\nGuinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 531 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia is
\nindefinite; the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered its
\ndecision on the Guinea-Bissau\/Senegal maritime boundary in favor
\nof Senegal–that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau;
\nboundary with Mauritania<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has
\nstrong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry
\nharmattan wind<\/p>\n
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore<\/p>\n
Land use: 27% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 30% meadows and pastures;
\n31% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing;
\nsoil erosion; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 7,713,851 (July 1990), growth rate 3.0% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 44 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 14 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 87 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 56 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Senegalese (sing. and pl.); adjective–Senegalese<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17% Fulani, 17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9%
\nDiola, 9% Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese, 2% other<\/p>\n
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman
\nCatholic)<\/p>\n
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo<\/p>\n
Literacy: 28.1%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage
\nearners–40% private sector, 60% government and parapublic; 52% of population of
\nworking age (1985)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions;
\nhowever, dues-paying membership very limited; major confederation is
\nNational Confederation of Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of governing
\nparty<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Senegal<\/p>\n
Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule<\/p>\n
Capital: Dakar<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular–region);
\nDakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda,
\nThies, Ziguinchor<\/p>\n
Independence: 4 April 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed
\nan agreement on 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for
\nthe creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the
\nagreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989<\/p>\n
Constitution: 3 March 1963, last revised in 1984<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of
\nlegislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government’s accounting
\noffice; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)<\/p>\n
Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government–President Abdou
\nDIOUF (since 1 January 1981)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Abdou Diouf;
\nSenegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other small uninfluential
\nparties<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held February
\n1993);
\nresults–Abdou Diouf (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye Wade (PDS) 26%, others 1%;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held 28 February 1988 (next to be
\nheld February 1993);
\nresults–PS 71%, PDS 25%, others 4%;
\nseats–(120 total) PS 103, PDS 17<\/p>\n
Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: students, teachers, labor, Muslim
\nBrotherhoods<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate),
\nFAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
\nIFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OIC, OMVS
\n(Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
\nWFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at
\n2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541;
\nUS–Ambassador George E. MOOSE; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the
\ncorner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar);
\ntelephone \u00d5221\u00e5 21-42-96<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red
\nwith a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the
\npopular pan-African colors of Ethiopia<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and
\nprovides employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total
\ncultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The principal
\neconomic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million or about 25%
\nof total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated by the
\nextraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced
\nworldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism
\nhas become increasingly more important to the economy.<\/p>\n
GDP: $5.0 billion, per capita $680; real growth rate 5.1% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): – 1.8% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including
\ncapital expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $761 million (f.o.b., 1988);
\ncommodities–manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%,
\npetroleum products 11%, phosphates 10%;
\npartners–US, France, other EC, Ivory Coast, India<\/p>\n
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1988);
\ncommodities–semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer
\ngoods 17%, petroleum 12%, capital goods 14%;
\npartners–US, France, other EC, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan<\/p>\n
External debt: $3.8 billion (1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1986)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 210,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced,
\n100 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: fishing, agricultural processing, phosphate mining,
\npetroleum refining, building materials<\/p>\n
Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and 75% of
\nlabor force; major products–peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum,
\nrice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds
\nself-sufficient in food; fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $492 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $4.4 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$295 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural–francs);
\n1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
\nUS$1–287.99 (January 1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987),
\n346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km
\ndouble track Dakar to Thies<\/p>\n
Highways: 14,000 km total; 3,770 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or
\nimproved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 900 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 115 km
\non the Saloum<\/p>\n
Ports: Dakar, Kaolack<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 9,263 GRT\/15,167
\nDWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 bulk<\/p>\n
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 25 total, 20 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: above-average urban system, using radio relay and
\ncable; 40,200 telephones; stations–8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables;
\n1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,682,786; 878,812 fit for military
\nservice; 88,940 reach military age (18) annually<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 2% of GDP, or $100 million (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nSeychelles
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 455 km2; land area: 455 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 491 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: claims Tromelin Island<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon
\n(late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)<\/p>\n
Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly;
\nothers are coral, flat, elevated reefs<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees<\/p>\n
Land use: 4% arable land; 18% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
\n18% forest and woodland; 60% other<\/p>\n
Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare;
\nshort droughts possible; no fresh water, catchements collect rain; 40 granitic
\nand about 50 coralline islands<\/p>\n
Note: located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 68,336 (July 1990), growth rate 0.9% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 24 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 7 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 8 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 75 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Seychellois (sing. and pl.); adjective–Seychelles<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)<\/p>\n
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Anglican, 2% other<\/p>\n
Language: English and French (official); Creole<\/p>\n
Literacy: 60%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 27,700; 31% industry and commerce, 21% services,
\n20% government, 12% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 16% other (1985);
\n57% of population of working age (1983)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: three major trade unions<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Seychelles<\/p>\n
Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth<\/p>\n
Capital: Victoria<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none; note–there may be 21
\nadministrative districts named Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse
\nLouis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie St. Anne, Beau Vallon,
\nBel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand Anse (on Mahe Island),
\nGrand Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance,
\nPointe Larue, Port-Glaud, Riviere Anglaise, St. Louis, Takamaka<\/p>\n
Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 5 June 1979<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and
\ncustomary law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President France Albert
\nRENE (since 5 June 1977)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–Seychelles People’s
\nProgressive Front (SPPF), France Albert Rene<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 17<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held June 1994);
\nresults–President France Albert Rene reelected without opposition;<\/p>\n
National Assembly–last held 5 December 1987 (next to be
\nheld December 1992);
\nresults–SPPF is the only party;
\nseats–(25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23<\/p>\n
Communists: negligible, although some Cabinet ministers
\nespouse pro-Soviet line<\/p>\n
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions, Roman Catholic Church<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC,
\nILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Second Secretary, Charge d’Affaires
\nad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue,
\nSuite 201, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 687-9766;
\nUS–Ambassador James MORAN; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria
\n(mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, or APO New York 09030);
\ntelephone 23921 or 23922<\/p>\n
Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green;
\nthe white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: In this small, open tropical island economy, the tourist
\nindustry employs about 30% of the labor force and provides the main
\nsource of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has
\nencouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other
\nservices. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high
\ndependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing,
\nand small-scale manufacturing.<\/p>\n
GDP: $255 million, per capita $3,720; real growth rate 6.2%;
\n(1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.3% (1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 15% (1986)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $106 million; expenditures $130 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $21 million (1987)<\/p>\n
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
\ncommodities–fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products
\n(reexports);
\npartners–France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987)<\/p>\n
Imports: $116 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.);
\ncommodities–manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages,
\nmachinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products;
\npartners–UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%,
\nSingapore 8%, Japan 6% (1987)<\/p>\n
External debt: $178 million (December 1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1987)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 67 million kWh produced,
\n960 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
\ncoir rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming;
\ncash crops–coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products–sweet potatoes,
\ncassava, bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported;
\nexpansion of tuna fishing under way<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-88), $23 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-87), $297 million;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$56 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Seychelles rupee (plural–rupees);
\n1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SR) per US$1–5.4884 (January 1990),
\n5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987), 6.1768 (1986), 7.1343 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 260 km total; 160 km bituminous, 100 km crushed stone or earth<\/p>\n
Ports: Victoria<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
\n1,827 GRT\/2,170 DWT<\/p>\n
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: direct radio communications with adjacent islands and
\nAfrican coastal countries; 13,000 telephones; stations–2 AM, no FM, 1 TV;
\n1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Militia<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,073; 8,776 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 6% of GDP, or $12 million (1990 est.)
\n.pa
\nSierra Leone
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 71,740 km2; land area: 71,620 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 402 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 200 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December);
\nwinter dry season (December to April)<\/p>\n
Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country,
\nupland plateau, mountains in east<\/p>\n
Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold,
\nchromite<\/p>\n
Land use: 25% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 31% meadows and pastures;
\n29% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea;
\ndeforestation; soil degradation<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 4,165,953 (July 1990), growth rate 2.6% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 47 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 21 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 154 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 47 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Sierra Leonean(s); adjective–Sierra Leonean<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African (30% Temne, 30% Mende); 1% Creole,
\nEuropean, Lebanese, and Asian; 13 tribes<\/p>\n
Religion: 30% Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or
\nnone<\/p>\n
Language: English (official); regular use limited to literate minority;
\nprincipal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the
\nlanguage of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is
\nlingua franca<\/p>\n
Literacy: 31% (1986)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,369,000 (est.); 65% agriculture, 19% industry, 16% services
\n(1981); only about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Sierra Leone<\/p>\n
Type: republic under presidential regime<\/p>\n
Capital: Freetown<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern,
\nWestern<\/p>\n
Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 14 June 1978<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local
\ntribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State and Head of Government–President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH
\n(since 28 November 1985); First Vice President Abu Bakar KAMARA (since 4 April
\n1987); Second Vice President Salia JUSU-SHERIFF (since 4 April 1987)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–All People’s Congress
\n(APC), Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 1 October 1985 (next to be held October 1992);
\nresults–Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh was elected without opposition;<\/p>\n
House of Representatives–last held 30 May 1986 (next to be
\nheld May 1991);
\nresults–APC is the only party;
\nseats–(127 total, 105 elected) APC 105<\/p>\n
Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly
\nlarger number of sympathizers<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
\nIBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
\nIMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
\nWHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador George CAREW; Chancery at
\n1701 19th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-9261;
\nUS–Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and
\nSiaka Stevens Street, Freetown; telephone 26481<\/p>\n
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and
\nlight blue<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed.
\nSubsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of
\nGDP and employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing
\naccounts for less than 10% of GDP, consisting mainly of the processing of
\nraw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining
\nprovides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high
\nunemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing dependency
\non foreign assistance.<\/p>\n
GDP: $965 million, per capita $250; real growth rate 1.8% (FY87)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 42% (September 1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $86 million; expenditures $128 million,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)<\/p>\n
Exports: $106 million (f.o.b., 1988);
\ncommodities–rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%,
\ncoffee 3%;
\npartners–US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe<\/p>\n
Imports: $167 million (c.i.f., 1988);
\ncommodities–capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%,
\nconsumer goods 7%, light industrial goods;
\npartners–US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria<\/p>\n
External debt: $805 million (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate – 19% (FY88 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 83,000 kW capacity; 180 million kWh produced,
\n45 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale
\nmanufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery<\/p>\n
Agriculture: accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the
\nlabor force; largely subsistence farming; cash crops–coffee, cocoa, palm
\nkernels; harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs;
\nannual fish catch averages 53,000 metric tons<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $149 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $698 million;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$101 million<\/p>\n
Currency: leone (plural–leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: leones per US$1–87.7193 (January 1990), 58.1395 (1989),
\n31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987), 8.3963 (1986), 4.7304 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a
\nlimited basis because the mine at Marampa is closed<\/p>\n
Highways: 7,400 km total; 1,150 km bituminous, 490 km laterite (some
\ngravel), remainder improved earth<\/p>\n
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round<\/p>\n
Ports: Freetown, Pepel<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 12 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
\n3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: marginal telephone and telegraph service; national
\nmicrowave radio relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones;
\nstations–1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 918,078; 433,350 fit for military service;
\nno conscription<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 1% of GDP (1986)
\n.pa
\nSingapore
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 632.6 km2; land area: 622.6 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 193 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: not specific;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 3 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry
\nseasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April)<\/p>\n
Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water
\ncatchment area and nature preserve<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports<\/p>\n
Land use: 4% arable land; 7% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 5%
\nforest and woodland; 84% other<\/p>\n
Environment: mostly urban and industrialized<\/p>\n
Note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 2,720,915 (July 1990), growth rate 1.3% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 18 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Singaporean(s), adjective–Singapore<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 76.4% Chinese, 14.9% Malay, 6.4% Indian, 2.3% other<\/p>\n
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all
\nMuslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists,
\nConfucianists)<\/p>\n
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (official); Malay (national)<\/p>\n
Literacy: 86.8% (1987)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 1,280,000; 34.4% industry, 1.2% agriculture, 61.7%
\nservices (1988)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: 211,200; 16.5% of labor force (1988)<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of Singapore<\/p>\n
Type: republic within Commonwealth<\/p>\n
Capital: Singapore<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: none<\/p>\n
Independence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence
\nState of Singapore Constitution<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory
\nICJ jurisdiction<\/p>\n
National holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers,
\nCabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister LEE Kuan Yew (since 5 June 1959);
\nFirst Deputy Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 2 January 1985); Second Deputy
\nPrime Minister ONG Teng Cheong (since 2 January 1985)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: government–People’s Action Party (PAP),
\nLee Kuan Yew; opposition–Workers’ Party (WP), J. B. Jeyaretnam;
\nSingapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong;
\nNational Solidarity Party (NSP), Soon Kia Seng;
\nUnited People’s Front (UPF), Harbans Singh; Barisan Sosialis (BS);
\nCommunist party illegal<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 20<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held NA August 1993);
\nresults–President Wee Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition;<\/p>\n
Parliament–last held 3 September 1988 (next to be held NA September
\n1993);
\nresults–PAP 61.8%, WP 18.4%, SDP 11.5%, NSP 3.7%, UPF 1.3%, others 3.3%;
\nseats–(81 total) PAP 80, SDP 1; note–BS has 1 nonvoting seat<\/p>\n
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists<\/p>\n
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
\nG-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
\nISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Tommy KOH Tong Bee; Chancery at
\n1824 R Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 667-7555;
\nUS–Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617
\n(mailing address is FPO San Francisco 96699); telephone \u00d565\u00e5 338-0251<\/p>\n
Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist
\nside of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is
\ntoward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars
\narranged in a circle<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong
\nservice and manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links
\nderived from its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the
\neconomy expanded rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per
\ncapita GDP is among the highest in Asia. In 1985 the economy registered its
\nfirst drop in 20 years and achieved less than a 2% increase in 1986. Recovery
\nwas strong. Estimates for 1989 suggest a 9.2% growth rate based on rising
\ndemand for Singapore’s products in OECD countries, a strong Japanese yen, and
\nimproved competitiveness of domestic manufactures.<\/p>\n
GDP: $27.5 billion, per capita $10,300; real growth rate 9.2% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $6.6 billion; expenditures $5.9 billion,
\nincluding capital expenditures of $2.2 billion (FY88)<\/p>\n
Exports: $46 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities–includes
\ntransshipments to Malaysia–petroleum products, rubber, electronics,
\nmanufactured goods; partners–US 24%, Malaysia 14%, Japan 9%,
\nThailand 6%, Hong Kong 5%, Australia 3%, FRG 3%<\/p>\n
Imports: $53 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities–includes
\ntransshipments from Malaysia–capital equipment, petroleum, chemicals,
\nmanufactured goods, foodstuffs; partners–Japan 22%, US 16%, Malaysia 15%,
\nEC 12%, Kuwait 1%<\/p>\n
External debt: $5.2 billion (December 1988)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 4,000,000 kW capacity; 12,000 million kWh produced,
\n4,490 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment,
\nrubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship
\nrepair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnology<\/p>\n
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy;
\nself-sufficient in poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major
\ncrops–rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $882 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Singapore dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Singapore dollars per US$1–1.8895 (January 1990),
\n1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986), 2.2002 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March<\/p>\n
Communications
\nRailroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge<\/p>\n
Highways: 2,597 km total (1984)<\/p>\n
Ports: Singapore<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 407 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 7,286,824
\nGRT\/11,921,610 DWT; includes 126 cargo, 52 container, 5 roll-on\/roll-off
\ncargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 13 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier,
\n103 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 chemical tanker,
\n4 combination ore\/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 15 liquefied gas, 68 bulk,
\n3 combination bulk; note–many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned<\/p>\n
Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft (est.)<\/p>\n
Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
\nrunways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good international
\nservice; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000
\ntelephones; stations–13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to
\nMalaysia (Sabah and peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines;
\nsatellite earth stations–1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean
\nINTELSAT<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army Reserve<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 834,720; 621,497 fit for military service<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: 5% of GDP, or $1.4 billion (1989 est.)
\n.pa
\nSolomon Islands
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 28,450 km2; land area: 27,540 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: none<\/p>\n
Coastline: 5,313 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);<\/p>\n
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls<\/p>\n
Natural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates<\/p>\n
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures;
\n93% forest and woodland; 4% other<\/p>\n
Environment: subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive;
\ngeologically active region with frequent earth tremors<\/p>\n
Note: located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 335,082 (July 1990), growth rate 3.5% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 41 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 5 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: 0 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 40 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 6.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Solomon Islander(s); adjective–Solomon Islander<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0% Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian,
\n0.8% European, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other<\/p>\n
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day
\nAdventist, and Roman Catholic Churches dominant<\/p>\n
Language: 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the
\ncountry is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population<\/p>\n
Literacy: 60%<\/p>\n
Labor force: 23,448 economically active; 32.4% agriculture, forestry, and
\nfishing; 25% services, 7.0% construction, manufacturing, and mining;
\n4.7% commerce, transport, and finance (1984)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade
\nunion representation<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: none<\/p>\n
Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth<\/p>\n
Capital: Honiara<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal,
\nHoniara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Temotu, Western<\/p>\n
Independence: 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 7 July 1978<\/p>\n
Legal system: common law<\/p>\n
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 July (1978)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister,
\nCabinet<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: High Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented
\nby Governor General George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as
\ngovernor general since 7 July 1988);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989);
\nDeputy Prime Minister Danny PHILIP (since 31 March 1989)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders:
\nPeople’s Alliance Party (PAP), Solomon Mamaloni;
\nUnited Party (UP), Sir Peter Kenilorea;
\nSolomon Islands Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew Ulufa’alu;
\nNationalist Front for Progress (NFP), Andrew Nori;
\nLabor Party (LP), Joses Tuhanuku<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 21<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nNational Parliament–last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held
\nFebruary 1993);
\nresults–percent of vote by party NA;
\nseats–(38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, independents 9<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
\nIDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN, UPU, WHO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara
\n(Solomon Islands);
\nUS–the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the
\nSolomon Islands; Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is
\nAmerican Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23488<\/p>\n
Flag: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side
\ncorner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed
\nstars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: About 90% of the population depend on subsistence
\nagriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of their livelihood.
\nAgriculture, fishing, and forestry contribute about 75% to GDP, with the
\nfishing and forestry sectors being important export earners. The service
\nsector contributes about 25% to GDP. Manufacturing activity is
\nnegligible. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be
\nimported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as
\nlead, zinc, nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone
\nin mid-1986 which caused widespread damage to the infrastructure.<\/p>\n
GDP: $156 million, per capita $500; real growth rate 4.3% (1988)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.2% (1988)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $139.0 million; expenditures $154.4 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $113.4 million (1987)<\/p>\n
Exports: $80.1 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–fish 46%,
\ntimber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%; partners–Japan 51%, UK 12%,
\nThailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985)<\/p>\n
Imports: $101.7 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–plant and
\nmachinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16%; partners–Japan 36%, US 23%,
\nSingapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3% (1985)<\/p>\n
External debt: $128 million (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1987)<\/p>\n
Electricity: 15,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced,
\n90 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: copra, fish (tuna)<\/p>\n
Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about
\n75% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; cash crops–cocoa, beans,
\ncoconuts, palm kernels, timber; other products–rice, potatoes,
\nvegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; not self-sufficient in food grains;
\n90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 metric tons was exported (1988)<\/p>\n
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
\n(1985), $16.1 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Solomon Islands dollar (plural–dollars);
\n1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1–2.4067
\n(January 1990), 2.3090 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987), 1.7415 (1986),
\n1.4808 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km sealed, 290 km gravel,
\n980 km earth, 800 private logging and plantation roads of varied
\nconstruction<\/p>\n
Ports: Honiara, Ringi Cove<\/p>\n
Civil air: no major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 29 total, 27 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways;
\nnone with runways over 2,439 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; stations–4 AM, no FM, no TV;
\n1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: NA<\/p>\n
Military manpower: NA<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSomalia
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 637,660 km2; land area: 627,340 km2<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km,
\nKenya 682 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 3,025 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 200 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional
\nAdministrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden;
\npossible claims to Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya based on unification of
\nethnic Somalis<\/p>\n
Climate: desert; northeast monsoon (December to February),
\ncooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid
\nperiods (tangambili) between monsoons<\/p>\n
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north<\/p>\n
Natural resources: uranium, and largely unexploited reserves
\nof iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt<\/p>\n
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
\n14% forest and woodland; 38% other; includes 3% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern
\nplains in summer; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification<\/p>\n
Note: strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern
\napproaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 8,424,269 (July 1990), growth rate 0.8% (1990)<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 47 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 15 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: – 24 migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 125 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 54 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–Somali(s); adjective–Somali<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000
\nEuropeans, 800 Asians<\/p>\n
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English<\/p>\n
Literacy: 11.6% (government est.)<\/p>\n
Labor force: 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad,
\n30% agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other; 53% of
\npopulation of working age (1985)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade Unions is controlled
\nby the government<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Somali Democratic Republic<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: Mogadishu<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 16 regions (plural–NA, singular–gobolka);
\nBakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe,
\nJubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose,
\nTogdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed<\/p>\n
Independence: 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland,
\nwhich became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian
\nSomaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN
\ntrusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979<\/p>\n
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 21 October (1969)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
\nCouncil of Ministers (cabinet)<\/p>\n
Legislative branch: unicameral People’s Assembly<\/p>\n
Judicial branch: Supreme Court<\/p>\n
Leaders:
\nChief of State–President and Commander in Chief of the Army
\nMaj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre (since 21 October 1969);<\/p>\n
Head of Government–Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mohamed Ali SAMANTAR
\n(since 1 February 1987)<\/p>\n
Political parties and leaders: only party–Somali Revolutionary
\nSocialist Party (SRSP), Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre, general secretary<\/p>\n
Suffrage: universal at age 18<\/p>\n
Elections:
\nPresident–last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held
\nDecember 1993);
\nresults–President Siad was reelected without opposition;<\/p>\n
People’s Assembly–last held 31 December 1984 (next scheduled for
\nDecember 1989 was postponed);
\nresults–SRSP is the only party;
\nseats–(177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171<\/p>\n
Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in the government
\nhierarchy<\/p>\n
Member of: ACP, AfDB, Arab League, EAMA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
\nIDB–Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
\nITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO<\/p>\n
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ABDIKARIM Ali Omar; Chancery at
\nSuite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037;
\ntelephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate General in New York;
\nUS–Ambassador T. Frank CRIGLER; Embassy at Corso Primo Luglio, Mogadishu
\n(mailing address is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone \u00d5252\u00e5 (01) 20811<\/p>\n
Flag: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center;
\ndesign based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)<\/p>\n
Economy
\nOverview: One of the world’s least developed countries, Somalia
\nhas few resources. In 1988 per capita GDP was $210. Agriculture is the
\nmost important sector of the economy, with the livestock sector
\naccounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads
\nand seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods
\nmake up about 50% of the population. Crop production generates only 10%
\nof GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main export crop is
\nbananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic market. The
\nsmall industrial sector is based on the processing of agricultural
\nproducts and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. At the end of 1988
\nserious economic problems facing the nation were the external debt of
\n$2.8 billion and double-digit inflation.<\/p>\n
GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate – 1.4% (1988)<\/p>\n
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81.7% (1988 est.)<\/p>\n
Unemployment rate: NA%<\/p>\n
Budget: revenues $273 million; expenditures $405 million, including
\ncapital expenditures of $219 million (1987)<\/p>\n
Exports: $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities–livestock,
\nhides, skins, bananas, fish;
\npartners–US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986)<\/p>\n
Imports: $354.0 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities–textiles,
\npetroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials;
\npartners–US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986)<\/p>\n
External debt: $2.8 billion (1989 est.)<\/p>\n
Industrial production: growth rate NA%<\/p>\n
Electricity: 71,000 kW capacity; 65 million kWh produced,
\n8 kWh per capita (1989)<\/p>\n
Industries: a few small industries, including sugar refining,
\ntextiles, petroleum refining<\/p>\n
Agriculture: dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep,
\ngoats); crops–bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient
\nin food; fishing potential largely unexploited<\/p>\n
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $618 million; Western
\n(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $2.8 billion;
\nOPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-88),
\n$336 million<\/p>\n
Currency: Somali shilling (plural–shillings);
\n1 Somali shilling (So.Sh.) = 100 centesimi<\/p>\n
Exchange rates: Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1–643.92
\n(December 1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986), 39.49 (1985)<\/p>\n
Fiscal year: calendar year<\/p>\n
Communications
\nHighways: 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km bituminous surface, 2,880 km
\ngravel, and 10,000 km improved earth or stabilized soil (1983)<\/p>\n
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil<\/p>\n
Ports: Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu<\/p>\n
Merchant marine: 3 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,563
\nGRT\/9,512 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo<\/p>\n
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft<\/p>\n
Airports: 60 total, 45 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with
\nrunways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways
\n1,220-2,439 m<\/p>\n
Telecommunications: minimal telephone and telegraph service; radio relay
\nand troposcatter system centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000
\ntelephones; stations–2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
\nscheduled to receive an ARABSAT station<\/p>\n
Defense Forces
\nBranches: Somali National Army (including Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense
\nForce), National Police Force<\/p>\n
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,878,939; 1,052,644 fit for military
\nservice<\/p>\n
Defense expenditures: NA
\n.pa
\nSouth Africa
\nGeography
\nTotal area: 1,221,040 km2; land area: 1,221,040 km2; includes
\nWalvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island<\/p>\n
Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas<\/p>\n
Land boundaries: 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km,
\nMozambique 491 km, Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km<\/p>\n
Coastline: 2,881 km<\/p>\n
Maritime claims:<\/p>\n
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation;<\/p>\n
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;<\/p>\n
Territorial sea: 12 nm<\/p>\n
Disputes: South Africa administered Namibia until independence was
\nachieved on 21 March 1990; possible future claim to Walvis Bay by Namibia<\/p>\n
Climate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights<\/p>\n
Terrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal
\nplain<\/p>\n
Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore,
\nmanganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum,
\ncopper, vanadium, salt, natural gas<\/p>\n
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 65% meadows and
\npastures; 3% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated<\/p>\n
Environment: lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires
\nextensive water conservation and control measures<\/p>\n
Note: Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; completely
\nsurrounds Lesotho; almost completely surrounds Swaziland<\/p>\n
People
\nPopulation: 39,549,941 (July 1990), growth rate 2.67%; includes the 10
\nso-called homelands, which are not recognized by the US<\/p>\n
four independent homelands–Bophuthatswana 2,352,296, growth rate 2.80%;
\nCiskei 1,025,873, growth rate 2.93%; Transkei 4,367,648, growth rate 4.19%;
\nVenda 665,197, growth rate 3.86%<\/p>\n
six other homelands–Gazankulu 742,361, growth rate 3.99%; Kangwane 556,009,
\ngrowth rate 3.64%; KwaNdebele 348,655, growth rate 3.35%; KwaZulu 5,349,247,
\ngrowth rate 3.62%; Lebowa 2,704,641, growth rate 3.92%; Qwagwa 268,138, growth
\nrate 3.59%<\/p>\n
Birth rate: 35 births\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Death rate: 8 deaths\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants\/1,000 population (1990)<\/p>\n
Infant mortality rate: 52 deaths\/1,000 live births (1990)<\/p>\n
Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 67 years female (1990)<\/p>\n
Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born\/woman (1990)<\/p>\n
Nationality: noun–South African(s); adjective–South African<\/p>\n
Ethnic divisions: 73.8% black, 14.3% white, 9.1% Colored, 2.8% Indian<\/p>\n
Religion: most whites and Coloreds and roughly 60% of blacks are
\nChristian; roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20% Muslim<\/p>\n
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); many vernacular languages,
\nincluding Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana<\/p>\n
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 50%
\nof blacks literate<\/p>\n
Labor force: 11,000,000 economically active; 34% services,
\n30% agriculture, 29% industry and commerce, 7% mining (1985)<\/p>\n
Organized labor: about 17% of total labor force is unionized;
\nAfrican unions represent 15% of black labor force<\/p>\n
Government
\nLong-form name: Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA<\/p>\n
Type: republic<\/p>\n
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial,
\nBloemfontein<\/p>\n
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State,
\nTransvaal; there are 10 homelands not recognized by the US–4 independent
\n(Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane,
\nKwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, Qwaqwa)<\/p>\n
Independence: 31 May 1910 (from UK)<\/p>\n
Constitution: 3 September 1984<\/p>\n
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts
\ncompulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations<\/p>\n
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May (1910)<\/p>\n
Executive branch: state president, cabinet, Executive Council (cabinet)
\nMinisters’ Councils (from the <\/p>\n
