The following was forwarded to us from the Arpanet by Dale Amon at CMU:<\/p>\n
From: creon@ames-nas.arpa (Creon Levit)
\nDate: 7 Dec 1985 1642-PST (Saturday)
\nSubject: Review of Soviet work in quantum nonlocality and SDI super weapons?<\/p>\n
STRATEGIC DEFENSE STUDY GROUP
\nPOB 26548, San Francisco, CA 94126
\n(415)398 6690\/362 7779, 12\/2\/85<\/p>\n
Memorandum for the record by J. Sarfatti.<\/p>\n
Soviet view of quantum nonlocality and the potential for SDI super weapons.<\/p>\n
Reference: Nonlocality in quantum physics. Soviet Physics Usp. 27(4)April 1984
\n(Usp Fiz Nauk 142 599-617).
\nby B.I. Spasski & A.V. Moskovskii of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University.<\/p>\n
They say that we must distinguish two meanings of nonlocality. First, that of
\nmicrocausality in quantum field theory in which the commutator of second
\nquantized boson fields vanishes for faster than light space-like separation
\nbetween the two field points. The currents of spinor fields also obey
\nmicrocausality in conventional local quantum field theory. Violation of this
\ncondition is the first meaning of nonlocality. They write:<\/p>\n
“In this sense, one means by nonlocal theories…generalizations of quantum
\nfield theory based on… a nonpoint interaction.”<\/p>\n
The second sense of nonlocality is then described:<\/p>\n
“There are..several quantum phenomena that from a classical point of view can
\nbe interpreted as… nonlocality inherent in quantum objects….the Aharonov-
\nBohm effect, the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, the Hanbury Brown-Twiss
\neffect, and other phenomena… within the Copenhagen interpretation… until a
\nparticle interacts with some classical object it does not have definite space-
\ntime characteristics, being, as it were, simultaneously in all the regions of
\nspace in which the wave function… is nonvanishing… the Aharonov-Bohm
\neffect… the behavior of a quantum object can be influenced by the existence
\nof a field where the probability of finding a particle is zero… the field
\nacts where it is not… in quantum mechanics the potentials play a role
\nanalogous to that of fields in classical physics … Either one must give up
\nthe locality principle or recognize that potentials have a physical reality no
\nless fundamental than the fields. But the second alternative would mean that
\nit is possible to find a physical difference between states differing only in
\ngauge… Aharonov and Bohm abandoned the second alternative … The Aharonov-
\nBohm effect could be regarded from the classical point of view as a proof of
\naction at a distance.”<\/p>\n
In the modern gauge theory of the unified force the field potentials are
\nparallel transport connections in the fiber space beyond space-time analogous
\nto the Christoffel symbols of general relativity within the curved space-time
\nbase space of the bundle. Internal symmetry transformations result from
\ntorsion in the fiber space from lifted holonomic loops in space-time.
\nNonvanishing fields are a measure of curvature in the bundle. (Reference:
\nClassical geometric resolution of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, Yuval
\nNe’eman, Israeli Minister of Science, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA Vol80, 7051-
\n7053,Nov 1983. Ne’eman writes:<\/p>\n
“in the geometry of a fiber bundle describing a gauge theory, curvature and
\nparallel transport ensure and impose nonseparability..”)<\/p>\n
The Soviet physicists continue:<\/p>\n
“A further illustration of the nonlocality of quantum objects is provided by
\nthe interference experiments… by Pfleeger, Mandel, and Magyar. They showed
\nthat overlapping beams of two lasers can give an interference pattern…
\nalthough the photon interferes only with itself… the attempt to follow the
\nflight of the photon …emitted by the lasers necessarily destroys the
\noriginal interference pattern… A quantum system radiates as a single entity
\neven when its various parts are separated by a macroscopic distance… This
\nproperty… can also be demonstrated by the Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect
\ninterference of intensities…Suppose we have two light sources A and B at a
\nlarge distance from two photon detectors a and b. The detectors are connected
\nto a coincidence circuit…the number of coincidences is a periodic function
\nof R1 – R2, where R1 is the distance between A and a, and R2 is the distance
\nbetween B and b. The quantum feature .. is the impossibility of distinguishing
\nphotons which arrive at a from A from photons which arrive at a from B. If the
\nexperiment is arranged in such a way that such a distinction becomes possible,
\nthe effect disappears… The effect appears paradoxical from the point of view
\nof classical notions, since it means that photons emitted by two independent
\nsources know the behavior of each other… ”<\/p>\n
The Soviet discussion of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox makes it
\nclear that it is the locality assumption of no quantum action at a distance
\nthat makes the paradox in which the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is
\nviolated. They write:<\/p>\n
“A … solution of the EPR paradox was proposed by V.A. Fock and A.D.
\nAleksandrov (Moscow, 1956), who put forward the idea of a nonforce interaction
\nof quantum objects … another example of such (nonforce) interaction is the
\ncorrelation in the behavior of microscopic objects expressed by the Pauli
\nprinciple … another example of a nonforce interaction (is) interference from
\ntwo mirrors. The interference pattern, which is determined by the positions of
\nthe mirrors, means that an individual photon feels an effect of the mirrors
\nthat is not associated with transfer of energy and momentum.”<\/p>\n
The idea of the nonforce interaction is geometrically understood in the fiber
\nbundle geometry. The traditional force is due to energy- momentum transport in
\nthe base space-time. The nonforce interaction is due to information transfer
\nin the fiber space beyond space-time. In Aspect’s photon pair polarization
\ncorrelation experiment, the information transfer does not require energy-
\nmomentum transport. The information transfer violating Bell’s locality
\ninequality is in the fiber space. Quite apart from that, there may also be
\nfaster than light tachyonic and Wickyonic energy-momentum transport in the
\nbase space-time. But these two modes of superluminal interaction, i.e. (
\nnonforce fiber quantum information transfer, and (force) base space-time
\ntranslation energy momentum transport) must be clearly distinguished. Indeed,
\nthe relativistic kinematics of the photon pair may allow the faster than light
\ncollective tachyonic transport of one half the energy difference between the
\ntwo photons when moving in opposite directions in 3-space.<\/p>\n
In my recent research on Wick rotations of solutions of the Dirac spinor
\nequation, I note that the slower than light bradyon has timelike world lines
\ninside the light cone. The bradyon (normal matter and antimatter) obeys
\nEinstein’s 1905 equation E equals mc squared i.e. more precisely:<\/p>\n
E = m\/(1 – v2)1\/2,<\/p>\n
where c = 1, v2 means “the square of velocity”, and (…)1\/2 means “square
\nroot”. .<\/p>\n
The faster than light tachyon has spacelike world lines outside the light
\ncone. It obeys:<\/p>\n
E’= m\/(v2 – 1)1\/2 .<\/p>\n
Both the bradyon and the tachyon feel the light cone as an impassable
\nclassical barrier. They are classically restricted to opposite sides of the
\nbarrier. In contrast, the Wickyon, discovered in Dirac’s theory by me, can
\npass right through the light cone as if it were not there. In fact, the
\nWickyon loses energy as it accelerates from subluminal to superluminal speed.
\nThe equation for the Wickyon is:<\/p>\n
E”= m\/(v2 + 1)1\/2<\/p>\n
I note that Sakharov ( the now dissident Father of the Soviet Nuclear Arsenal)
\nhas also been thinking about the effect of Wick rotations in big bang
\ncosmology (private communication from Waldyr Rodrigues Jr. Institute
\nMathematics, UNICAMP, S.P. Brasil).<\/p>\n
If life can persist through a bradyon-Wickyon quantum jump then we can look
\nforward to a hyperdrive for time travelling Star Ships – contrary to Dr.
\nForward’s recent report for the U.S. Air Force (AFRPL TR-83-067).<\/p>\n
The Soviets say:<\/p>\n
“Some authors developed the idea that the violation of locality must be
\ninterpreted in the framework of the Wheeler-Feynman theory of action at a
\ndistance.. In this scheme, the correlations between the readings of the
\ninstruments are explained by … advanced waves (telegraph from the future)
\n…relativistic invariance is maintained, but one necessarily reproduces the
\ndifficulties characteristic of a theory of action at a distance, in
\nparticular, the breakdown in the time ordering between cause and effect.”<\/p>\n
Kurt Godel showed that retroactivity, or backwards causation, poses no
\nlogical problem for physics (Ref. INFINITY AND THE MIND, Rudy Rucker). Sir
\nFred Hoyle, FRS in INTELLIGENT UNIVERSE shows that retroactivity is necessary
\nto understand cosmology and the origin of life. My gedankenexperiments attempt
\nto pin down the precise nonlocal quantum mechanisms needed to test Hoyle’s
\nrevolutionary paradigm. A paradigm anticipated by American scholars such as
\nHarvard’s Henry Dwight Sedgwick eighty years ago. Hoyle’s notion of the Loop
\nin Time has already been treated in literature by Borges in Coleridge’s Dream
\nand in the works of Olaf Stapledon, to name the best. It has been popularized
\nin films like Escape from the Planet of the Apes and Back to the Future.<\/p>\n
Of crucial significance for SDI command control communication is the Soviet
\nview on the practical use of quantum nonlocal action at a space-time distance
\nbetween transmitter and receiver.<\/p>\n
“Is a superluminal telegraph possible?
\n… Stapp writes:…Quantum phenomena provide prima facie evidence that
\ninformation gets around in ways that do not conform to classical ideas…
\neverything we know about nature is in accord with the idea that the
\nfundamental processes of Nature lie outside space-time… but generate events
\nthat can be located in space-time… none of the arguments we have considered
\nfor the existence of superluminal signals is satisfactory.”<\/p>\n
The Soviets do not discuss my scheme for a superluminal telegraph which
\ndepends upon extending conventional quantum mechanics to include nonlocal
\nobservables. I have a detailed model which predicts quantum tunneling of one
\nphoton in a pair through the classical barrier of crossed polarizers. The
\ntunneling probability depends on the relative orientation of a distant
\npolarizer that interacts with the twin photon. It is as if the distant
\npolarizer is placed between the crossed polarizers at exactly one half of the
\nactual relative orientation. One esthetically pleasing feature of this
\nnonlocal hidden variable model is that it has the structure of the simplest
\nfiber bundle – the spinor bundle of the Mobius strip. This model allows for
\nthe experimental test of Hoyle’s Loop in Time in which a Future Cause
\nretroactively superdetermines a Past Effect negating ordinary notions of Free
\nWill in accord with Godel’s teleological argument.<\/p>\n
It is important to recognize that there are now two experiments that
\ndemonstrate the reality of nonlocality. First, Aspect’s Paris experiment
\nshowing violation of Bell’s locality inequality over faster than light space-
\nlike intervals between the two detections of the photons in a pair from a
\ndouble quantum jump. Second, the retroactive Wheeler “Delayed Choice”
\nexperiment using a Mach Zender interferometer by Hellmuth et-al at the Max
\nPlanck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching reported in June 1985 at the
\nEPR conference in Finland. The debate now emerging is whether or not nonlocal
\nquantum action at a distance can be controlled for communication, space
\npropulsion, and SDI beam weapons.<\/p>\n
Research in this cutting edge of New Physics will have a profound impact on
\nSDI. For example, untappable unjammable retroactive quantum action at a
\ndistance command control communications and beam weapons.<\/p>\n
One may also anticiapte application of the Salam-Weinberg-Glashow electroweak
\nunification to create a new type of SDI beam weapon to render nuclear weapons
\n“impotent and obsolete” via stimulated beta decay. The idea is to create a
\nlasing action in which d-quarks flip to u-quarks causing a neutron to become a
\nproton. The energy difference is only of the order of 3Mev. We would use the
\nself-interaction of the flavor-conserving weak part of the photon to induce
\nweak isospin flips of the d and u quarks via virtual flavor-changing charged W
\npairs. This would lead to low energy transmutation of the elements allowing us
\nto clean up the radioactive wastes from nuclear reactors.<\/p>\n
